7 2-3树
2-3树运行每个节点保存1个或者两个的值。对于普通的2节点(2-node),他保存1个key和左右两个自己点。对应3节点(3-node),保存两个Key,2-3查找树的定义如下:
要么为空,要么:
对于2节点,该节点保存一个key及对应value,以及两个指向左右节点的节点,左节点也是一个2-3节点,所有的值都比key要小,右节点也是一个2-3节点,所有的值比key要大。
对于3节点,该节点保存两个key及对应value,以及三个指向左中右的节点。左节点也是一个2-3节点,所有的值均比两个key中的最小的key还要小;中间节点也是一个2-3节点,中间节点的key值在两个跟节点key值之间;右节点也是一个2-3节点,节点的所有key值比两个key中的最大的key还要大。
算法思路:
要判断一个键是否在树中,我们先将它和根结点中的键比较。如果它和其中的任何一个相等,查找命中。否则我们就根据比较的结果找到指向相应区间的链接,并在其指向的子树中递归地继续查找。如果这是个空链接,查找未命中。
2-3 树中查找键为H的节点
2-3 树中查找键为B的节点
代码:
two_three *search23(two_three *t, element x) { while(t) { if (x < t->data_l) { t = t->left_child; } else if (x > t->data_l && x < t->data_r) { t = t->middle_child; } else if (x > t->data_r) { t = t->right_child; } else { return t; } } return NULL; }
8 红黑树
2-3查找树能保证在插入元素之后能保持树的平衡状态,最坏情况下即所有的子节点都是2-node,树的高度为lgn,从而保证了最坏情况下的时间复杂度。但是2-3树实现起来比较复杂,于是就有了一种简单实现2-3树的数据结构,即红黑树(Red-Black Tree)。
理解红黑树一句话就够了:红黑树就是用红链接表示3-结点的2-3树。
现在我们对2-3树进行改造,改造成一个二叉树。怎么改造呢?对于2节点,保持不变;对于3节点,我们首先将3节点中左侧的元素标记为红色,然后我们将其改造成图3的形式;
再将3节点的位于中间的子节点的父节点设置为父节点中那个红色的节点,如图4的所示;最后我们将图4的形式改为二叉树的样子,如图5所示。图5是不是很熟悉,没错,这就是我们常常提到的大名鼎鼎的红黑树了。如下图所示。
2-3树转红黑树
为什么使用红黑树:
红黑树是一种平衡树,他复杂的定义和规则都是为了保证树的平衡性。如果树不保证他的平衡性就是下图:很显然这就变成一个链表了。
保证平衡性的最大的目的就是降低树的高度,因为树的查找性能取决于树的高度。所以树的高度越低搜索的效率越高!
这也是为什么存在二叉树、搜索二叉树等,各类树的目的。
红黑树性质:
每个节点要么是黑色,要么是红色。
根节点是黑色。
每个叶子节点(NIL)是黑色。
每个红色结点的两个子结点一定都是黑色。
任意一结点到每个叶子结点的路径都包含数量相同的黑结点。
算法思路:
红黑树的思想就是对2-3查找树进行编码,尤其是对2-3查找树中的3-nodes节点添加额外的信息。红黑树中将节点之间的链接分为两种不同类型,红色链接,他用来链接两个2-nodes节点来表示一个3-nodes节点。黑色链接用来链接普通的2-3节点。特别的,使用红色链接的两个2-nodes来表示一个3-nodes节点,并且向左倾斜,即一个2-node是另一个2-node的左子节点。这种做法的好处是查找的时候不用做任何修改,和普通的二叉查找树相同。
代码:
#define BLACK 1 #define RED 0 #include <iostream> using namespace std; class bst { private: struct Node { int value; bool color; Node *leftTree, *rightTree, *parent; Node() : value(0), color(RED), leftTree(NULL), rightTree(NULL), parent(NULL) { } Node* grandparent() { if (parent == NULL) { return NULL; } return parent->parent; } Node* uncle() { if (grandparent() == NULL) { return NULL; } if (parent == grandparent()->rightTree) return grandparent()->leftTree; else return grandparent()->rightTree; } Node* sibling() { if (parent->leftTree == this) return parent->rightTree; else return parent->leftTree; } }; void rotate_right(Node *p) { Node *gp = p->grandparent(); Node *fa = p->parent; Node *y = p->rightTree; fa->leftTree = y; if (y != NIL) y->parent = fa; p->rightTree = fa; fa->parent = p; if (root == fa) root = p; p->parent = gp; if (gp != NULL) { if (gp->leftTree == fa) gp->leftTree = p; else gp->rightTree = p; } } void rotate_left(Node *p) { if (p->parent == NULL) { root = p; return; } Node *gp = p->grandparent(); Node *fa = p->parent; Node *y = p->leftTree; fa->rightTree = y; if (y != NIL) y->parent = fa; p->leftTree = fa; fa->parent = p; if (root == fa) root = p; p->parent = gp; if (gp != NULL) { if (gp->leftTree == fa) gp->leftTree = p; else gp->rightTree = p; } } void inorder(Node *p) { if (p == NIL) return; if (p->leftTree) inorder(p->leftTree); cout << p->value << " "; if (p->rightTree) inorder(p->rightTree); } string outputColor(bool color) { return color ? "BLACK" : "RED"; } Node* getSmallestChild(Node *p) { if (p->leftTree == NIL) return p; return getSmallestChild(p->leftTree); } bool delete_child(Node *p, int data) { if (p->value > data) { if (p->leftTree == NIL) { return false; } return delete_child(p->leftTree, data); } else if (p->value < data) { if (p->rightTree == NIL) { return false; } return delete_child(p->rightTree, data); } else if (p->value == data) { if (p->rightTree == NIL) { delete_one_child(p); return true; } Node *smallest = getSmallestChild(p->rightTree); swap(p->value, smallest->value); delete_one_child(smallest); return true; } else { return false; } } void delete_one_child(Node *p) { Node *child = p->leftTree == NIL ? p->rightTree : p->leftTree; if (p->parent == NULL && p->leftTree == NIL && p->rightTree == NIL) { p = NULL; root = p; return; } if (p->parent == NULL) { delete p; child->parent = NULL; root = child; root->color = BLACK; return; } if (p->parent->leftTree == p) { p->parent->leftTree = child; } else { p->parent->rightTree = child; } child->parent = p->parent; if (p->color == BLACK) { if (child->color == RED) { child->color = BLACK; } else delete_case(child); } delete p; } void delete_case(Node *p) { if (p->parent == NULL) { p->color = BLACK; return; } if (p->sibling()->color == RED) { p->parent->color = RED; p->sibling()->color = BLACK; if (p == p->parent->leftTree) rotate_left(p->sibling()); else rotate_right(p->sibling()); } if (p->parent->color == BLACK && p->sibling()->color == BLACK && p->sibling()->leftTree->color == BLACK && p->sibling()->rightTree->color == BLACK) { p->sibling()->color = RED; delete_case(p->parent); } else if (p->parent->color == RED && p->sibling()->color == BLACK && p->sibling()->leftTree->color == BLACK && p->sibling()->rightTree->color == BLACK) { p->sibling()->color = RED; p->parent->color = BLACK; } else { if (p->sibling()->color == BLACK) { if (p == p->parent->leftTree && p->sibling()->leftTree->color == RED && p->sibling()->rightTree->color == BLACK) { p->sibling()->color = RED; p->sibling()->leftTree->color = BLACK; rotate_right(p->sibling()->leftTree); } else if (p == p->parent->rightTree && p->sibling()->leftTree->color == BLACK && p->sibling()->rightTree->color == RED) { p->sibling()->color = RED; p->sibling()->rightTree->color = BLACK; rotate_left(p->sibling()->rightTree); } } p->sibling()->color = p->parent->color; p->parent->color = BLACK; if (p == p->parent->leftTree) { p->sibling()->rightTree->color = BLACK; rotate_left(p->sibling()); } else { p->sibling()->leftTree->color = BLACK; rotate_right(p->sibling()); } } } void insert(Node *p, int data) { if (p->value >= data) { if (p->leftTree != NIL) insert(p->leftTree, data); else { Node *tmp = new Node(); tmp->value = data; tmp->leftTree = tmp->rightTree = NIL; tmp->parent = p; p->leftTree = tmp; insert_case(tmp); } } else { if (p->rightTree != NIL) insert(p->rightTree, data); else { Node *tmp = new Node(); tmp->value = data; tmp->leftTree = tmp->rightTree = NIL; tmp->parent = p; p->rightTree = tmp; insert_case(tmp); } } } void insert_case(Node *p) { if (p->parent == NULL) { root = p; p->color = BLACK; return; } if (p->parent->color == RED) { if (p->uncle()->color == RED) { p->parent->color = p->uncle()->color = BLACK; p->grandparent()->color = RED; insert_case(p->grandparent()); } else { if (p->parent->rightTree == p && p->grandparent()->leftTree == p->parent) { rotate_left(p); rotate_right(p); p->color = BLACK; p->leftTree->color = p->rightTree->color = RED; } else if (p->parent->leftTree == p && p->grandparent()->rightTree == p->parent) { rotate_right(p); rotate_left(p); p->color = BLACK; p->leftTree->color = p->rightTree->color = RED; } else if (p->parent->leftTree == p && p->grandparent()->leftTree == p->parent) { p->parent->color = BLACK; p->grandparent()->color = RED; rotate_right(p->parent); } else if (p->parent->rightTree == p && p->grandparent()->rightTree == p->parent) { p->parent->color = BLACK; p->grandparent()->color = RED; rotate_left(p->parent); } } } } void DeleteTree(Node *p) { if (!p || p == NIL) { return; } DeleteTree(p->leftTree); DeleteTree(p->rightTree); delete p; } public: bst() { NIL = new Node(); NIL->color = BLACK; root = NULL; } ~bst() { if (root) DeleteTree(root); delete NIL; } void inorder() { if (root == NULL) return; inorder(root); cout << endl; } void insert(int x) { if (root == NULL) { root = new Node(); root->color = BLACK; root->leftTree = root->rightTree = NIL; root->value = x; } else { insert(root, x); } } bool delete_value(int data) { return delete_child(root, data); } private: Node *root, *NIL; }; int main() { cout << "---【红黑树】---" << endl; // 创建红黑树 bst tree; // 插入元素 tree.insert(2); tree.insert(9); tree.insert(-10); tree.insert(0); tree.insert(33); tree.insert(-19); // 顺序打印红黑树 cout << "插入元素后的红黑树:" << endl; tree.inorder(); // 删除元素 tree.delete_value(2); // 顺序打印红黑树 cout << "删除元素 2 后的红黑树:" << endl; tree.inorder(); // 析构 tree.~bst(); getchar(); return 0; }