一、备份和恢复概要
1、高可用性
(1)HA（High Availability，HA）
(2)RAC(Real Application Clusters)
(3)DG(Data Guard)
(4)Oracle Replication
(5)RAID和镜像驱动器
2、备份和恢复。
(1)收集备份与恢复策略需求
(2)精心设计备份与恢复计划

二、Oracle备份
1、ORACLE各种备份
(1)类型

 ①物理备份
 ②逻辑备份

(2)数据库状态

 ①联机备份(热)和脱机备份(冷)
 ②不一致性备份和一致性备份

(3)备份规模

 ①完全备份:归档模式、非模式模式
 ②表空间备份
 ③数据文件备份
 ④控制文件备份
 ⑤归档日志文件备份

三 、ORACLE恢复
(1)错误的类型

①用户误操作导致错误
②系统进程导致的错误
③实例导致错误
④存储介质导致错误

(2)恢复类型

①实例恢复:1缓存恢复(前滚),2事务恢复(后滚)
②介质恢复(数据文件或数据块)

(3)恢复方式

①完全恢复
②不完全恢复

(4)恢复操作

 ①restore --还原
 ②recover --恢复

(5)resetlogs：alter database open resetlogs;

incarnation:化身号

四、常见备份与恢复技术
(1)用户管理的备份和恢复(User-Managed Backup&Recovery)
(2)RMAN备份和恢复
(3)闪回（flashback）

 ①闪回查询(Flashback Query):通过查询UNDO段,能够重现操作之前的数据
 ②闪回表(Flashback Table):通过recycle Bin回收drop的表
 ③闪回数据库(Flashback Database)

(4)逻辑导入/导出（Export/Import和Data Pump）
(5)数据卫士（Data Guard）

五、用户管理备份
(1)主要数据:oradata/ dbs/ arch/*
相关视图:v$datafile,v$controlfile,v$logfile,v$archived_log,v$tablespace,v$tempfile
(2)冷备:关闭-->copy-->启动

select name  from v$datafile;
select name from v$controlfile;
--select member from v$logfile;
--select name from v$tempfile;
shutdown immediate;
df -hl
mkdir /backup
chown -R oracle:oinstall /backup
chmod -R 755 /backup
su - oracle
cd /backup
mkdir cold
mkdir hot
cd /backup/cold
cp -rf /u01/app/oracle/oradata/ocp/* .
startup

(3)热备:
SQL> col file_name for a50;
SQL> select tablespace_name, file_name from dba_data_files;
SQL> alter tablespace tp1 begin backup;
SQL> !cp /oradata/bxdb/user01.dbf /backup/
SQL> alter tablespace users end backup;
SQL> alter system switch logfile;

--dd if=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/ocp/tp1.dbf skip=205 bs=8192 count=2|strings
--alter system dump datafile block;

*批量操作脚本:(v$backup,dba_data_files,dba_tablespaces)
select

'alter tablespace '||tablespace_name|| ' begin backup;' ||chr(10)||
'host cp '||file_name||' /backup' ||chr(10)||
'alter tablespace '||tablespace_name|| ' end backup;'

from dba_data_files order by tablespace_name;

 
begin
 for i in 1 .. 10000 loop
 insert into t1 values(i,'gyj'||i);
 commit;
 end loop;
 end;
 /

(4)控制文件备份:
alter database backup controlfile to '/backup/control.bin';
alter database backup controlfile to trace as '/backup/control.ctl';
(5)初始化文件备份:create pfile='/backup/pfile.ora' from spfile;
(6)口令文件备份:orapwd file=$ORACLE_HOME/dbs/orapw password=oracle;

六、RMAN配置与备份
1.RMAN连接
(1)连接本地数据库

rman target /

(2)连接远程数据库

 rman sys/oracle@bxdb

(3)辅助连接

 rman target sys/oracle@ocp auxiliary sys/oracle@ocm
 duplicate target database for standby dorecover nofilenamecheck;

(4)连接恢复目录(ppt-les_03_catalog)

 create tablespace rc_data datafile '/u01/app/oracle/oradata/ocp/rc_data01.dbf' size 100m;
 create user rc_admin identified by rc_admin default tablespace rc_data quota unlimited on rc_data;
 grant connect,resource,recovery_catalog_owner to rc_admin;
 rman catalog rc_admin/rc_admin
 create catalog tablespace rc_data;
 exit
 rman target / catalog rc_admin/rc_admin
 register database;

虚拟专用目录：
create user v_user1 identified by v_user1 default tablespace tp1 temporary tablespace temp quota unlimited on tp1;
grant recovery_catalog_owner to v_user1;

[oracle@ocm ~]$ rman catalog rc_admin/rc_admin

grant catalog for database ocm to v_user1;

[oracle@ocm ~]$ rman catalog v_user1/v_user1

create virtual catalog;

(5)退出rman

 exit

2.RMAN基本操作
(1)启动关闭数据库

 rman target /
 shutdown immeidate
 startup

(2)执行sql语句

  sql 'alter system checkpoint';
  sql"create tablespace tp3 datafile ''/u01/app/oracle/oradata/ocp/tp3.dbf'' size 10M";

(3) RMAN备份类型

 ①镜像复制(Image Copies)
 ②备份集(Backup sets)

(4)RMAN命令执行方式

①单个命令 backup database;
②批处理 run{ ...
       };
③运行脚本
 *命令行方式调用操作系统中保存的脚本
  rman target / @script.rman (或 cmdfile=script.rman)
 *在rman中执行操作系统保存的脚本文件
  @scrip.rman
 *运行储储在CATALOG中的脚本(需要首先为RMAN创建恢复目录)
  create script full_db{
  backup format='/back/rman/full_%U'
  database include current controlfile
  plus archivelog;
 sql 'alter system archive log current';
 }
run{execute script full_db;}
rman target sys/oracle@oca catalog rc_admin/rc_admin@oca script full_db
 list script names;
 print script full_db;
 replace script full_db{
   backup format='/backup/rman/full_%U'
   database;
  }
delete script full_db;
resync catalog;
unregister database;
upgrade catalog;
drop catalog;

--查恢复目录 sqlplus rc_admin/rc_admin
select dbid,name,resetlogs_change# from rc_database;
select ts#,name,creation_change# from rc_tablespace;
select file#,name,bytes from rc_datafile;
select script_name from rc_stored_script;
select line,text from rc_stored_script_line;

1. RMAN备份

(1)备份数据库

backup database;
backup database format '/backup/rman_full_%U';
list backup of database;

(2)备份一个数据文件

report schema
select file#,name from v$datafile;
backup datafile 4 format '/backup/md_%U';
list backup of datafile 4;

(3)备份表空间

select tablespace_name,contents from dba_tablespaces;
backup tablespace trans format '/backup/trans_%U';
list backup of tablespace trans;

(4)备份控件文件(4种方法)

①自动备份:configure controlfile autobackup on;
②backup current controlfile;
③backup datafile 4 include current controlfile;
④sql "alter database backup controlfile to ''/backup/control/back_controlfile.bin''";
   list backup of controlfile;

(5)备份参数文件(2种方法)

①自动备份:configure controlfile autobackup on;
②backup spfile format '/backup/spfile.ora';

(6)备份归档文件

①backup archivelog  all format '/backup/arch_%U';
②backup archivelog  sequence between 85 and 89  delete all input;
③backup archivelog  from time "sysdate - 14" until time "sysdate - 7 ";
④backup database plus archivelog format '/back/rman/full_%U' delete all input;
     list backup of archivelog all;

(7)备份备份集

 ①backup backupset 1 format '/backup/backupset1_%U';
 ②backup backupset all;

(8)镜像拷贝

 ①只能拷贝到磁盘上
 ②恢复(restore)只要switch,速度快
 ③backup copy 或直接用copy
   copy datafile 5 to '/u01/app/oracle/oradata/bxdb/tp5.dbf ';
   --copy datafile 5 to '+dg/oradata/bxdb/tp5.dbf ';
（9）多条命令
 run {allocate channel c1 type disk;
      maxpieces size=2G;
      backup format '/backup/backup_%u' filesperset 3 database;
  }
 run {allocate channel d1 type disk;
      format '/backup/all_%u' maxpieces=100m;
      backup database filesperset=3;
     }

(9)增量备份
①差异增量备份(默认)

 vi increment0.sql

export ORACLE_BASE=/u01/app/oracle
export ORACLE_HOME=$ORACLE_BASE/product/11.2.0
export ORACLE_SID=ocp

export NLS_LANG="SIMPLIFIED CHINESE_CHINA".ZHS16GBK

export PATH=$ORACLE_HOME/bin:$PATH
rman target / <<EOF
backup incremental level =0 database;
EXIT
EOF

 vi increment1.sql
 rman target / <<EOF
 backup incremental level =1 database;
 EOF
 vi increment2.sql
 rman target / <<EOF
 backup incremental level =2 database;
  EOF
 crontab -e
 0 2 * * 0  /home/oracle/increment0.sql > /tmp/increment0.log 2>&1
 0 2 * * 1  /home/oracle/increment2.sql > /tmp/increment1.log 2>&1
 0 2 * * 2  /home/oracle/increment2.sql > /tmp/increment2.log 2>&1
 0 2 * * 3  /home/oracle/increment1.sql > /tmp/increment3.log 2>&1
 0 2 * * 4  /home/oracle/increment2.sql > /tmp/increment4.log 2>&1
 0 2 * * 5  /home/oracle/increment2.sql > /tmp/increment5.log 2>&1
 0 2 * * 6  /home/oracle/increment2.sql > /tmp/increment6.log 2>&1

②累积增量备份

七、RMAN常用命令
5.1 显示默认配置 --show命令

   show all;
   show controlfile autobackup;
   CONFIGURE CHANNEL DEVICE TYPE DISK FORMAT   '/backup/rman/full_%U';

5.2 列出备份信息 --list命令

  list backup;
  list backup of controlfile;
  list backup of datafile '/oradata/bxdb/users.dbf';
  list backup of 5;
  list backup of archivelog all;
  list copy of tablespace 'SYSTEM';
  list device type disk backup;
  list archivelog all;
  list expired backup;

5.3 删除备份 --delete 命令

  delete obsolete; --备份策略
  delete expired backup; --物理路径
  delete expired copy;
  delete expired archivelog all;
  delete backupset 5;
  delete backuppiece '/backup/user_demo_20.bak';
  delete backup;
  delete datafile copy '/oradata/bxdb/users.dbf';
  delete copy;
  backup archivelog all delete input;

5.4 报表显示 --report命令

  report schema;
  report need backup;
  report need backup tablespace system;
  report obsolete;

5.5 执行检查 --crosscheck命令

  crosscheck archivelog all;
  crosscheck backup;

5.6 配置configure