感谢网友【蒋小强】投稿。
如何合理地估算线程池大小？
这个问题虽然看起来很小，却并不那么容易回答。大家如果有更好的方法欢迎赐教，先来一个天真的估算方法：假设要求一个系统的TPS（Transaction Per Second或者Task Per Second）至少为20，然后假设每个Transaction由一个线程完成，继续假设平均每个线程处理一个Transaction的时间为4s。那么问题转化为：
如何设计线程池大小，使得可以在1s内处理完20个Transaction？
计算过程很简单，每个线程的处理能力为0.25TPS，那么要达到20TPS，显然需要20/0.25=80个线程。
很显然这个估算方法很天真，因为它没有考虑到CPU数目。一般服务器的CPU核数为16或者32，如果有80个线程，那么肯定会带来太多不必要的线程上下文切换开销。
再来第二种简单的但不知是否可行的方法（N为CPU总核数）：
- 如果是CPU密集型应用，则线程池大小设置为N+1
- 如果是IO密集型应用，则线程池大小设置为2N+1
如果一台服务器上只部署这一个应用并且只有这一个线程池，那么这种估算或许合理，具体还需自行测试验证。
接下来在这个文档：服务器性能IO优化 中发现一个估算公式：
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最佳线程数目 = （（线程等待时间+线程CPU时间）/线程CPU时间 ）* CPU数目 |
比如平均每个线程CPU运行时间为0.5s，而线程等待时间（非CPU运行时间，比如IO）为1.5s，CPU核心数为8，那么根据上面这个公式估算得到：((0.5+1.5)/0.5)*8=32。这个公式进一步转化为：
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最佳线程数目 = （线程等待时间与线程CPU时间之比 + 1）* CPU数目 |
可以得出一个结论：
线程等待时间所占比例越高，需要越多线程。线程CPU时间所占比例越高，需要越少线程。
上一种估算方法也和这个结论相合。
一个系统最快的部分是CPU，所以决定一个系统吞吐量上限的是CPU。增强CPU处理能力，可以提高系统吞吐量上限。但根据短板效应，真实的系统吞吐量并不能单纯根据CPU来计算。那要提高系统吞吐量，就需要从“系统短板”（比如网络延迟、IO）着手：
- 尽量提高短板操作的并行化比率，比如多线程下载技术
- 增强短板能力，比如用NIO替代IO
第一条可以联系到Amdahl定律，这条定律定义了串行系统并行化后的加速比计算公式：
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加速比=优化前系统耗时 / 优化后系统耗时 |
加速比越大，表明系统并行化的优化效果越好。Addahl定律还给出了系统并行度、CPU数目和加速比的关系，加速比为Speedup，系统串行化比率（指串行执行代码所占比率）为F，CPU数目为N：
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Speedup <= 1 / (F + (1-F)/N) |
当N足够大时，串行化比率F越小，加速比Speedup越大。
写到这里，我突然冒出一个问题。
是否使用线程池就一定比使用单线程高效呢？
答案是否定的，比如Redis就是单线程的，但它却非常高效，基本操作都能达到十万量级/s。从线程这个角度来看，部分原因在于：
- 多线程带来线程上下文切换开销，单线程就没有这种开销
- 锁
当然“Redis很快”更本质的原因在于：Redis基本都是内存操作，这种情况下单线程可以很高效地利用CPU。而多线程适用场景一般是：存在相当比例的IO和网络操作。
所以即使有上面的简单估算方法，也许看似合理，但实际上也未必合理，都需要结合系统真实情况（比如是IO密集型或者是CPU密集型或者是纯内存操作）和硬件环境（CPU、内存、硬盘读写速度、网络状况等）来不断尝试达到一个符合实际的合理估算值。
最后来一个“Dark Magic”估算方法（因为我暂时还没有搞懂它的原理），使用下面的类：
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package pool_size_calculate; |
002 |
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import java.math.BigDecimal; |
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import java.math.RoundingMode; |
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import java.util.Timer; |
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import java.util.TimerTask; |
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import java.util.concurrent.BlockingQueue; |
008 |
009 |
/** |
010 |
* A class that calculates the optimal thread pool boundaries. It takes the |
011 |
* desired target utilization and the desired work queue memory consumption as |
012 |
* input and retuns thread count and work queue capacity. |
013 |
* |
014 |
* @author Niklas Schlimm |
015 |
* |
016 |
*/ |
017 |
public abstract class PoolSizeCalculator { |
018 |
019 |
/** |
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* The sample queue size to calculate the size of a single {@link Runnable} |
021 |
* element. |
022 |
*/ |
023 |
private final int SAMPLE_QUEUE_SIZE = 1000; |
024 |
025 |
/** |
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* Accuracy of test run. It must finish within 20ms of the testTime |
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* otherwise we retry the test. This could be configurable. |
028 |
*/ |
029 |
private final int EPSYLON = 20; |
030 |
031 |
/** |
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* Control variable for the CPU time investigation. |
033 |
*/ |
034 |
private volatile boolean expired; |
035 |
036 |
/** |
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* Time (millis) of the test run in the CPU time calculation. |
038 |
*/ |
039 |
private final long testtime = 3000; |
040 |
041 |
/** |
042 |
* Calculates the boundaries of a thread pool for a given {@link Runnable}. |
043 |
* |
044 |
* @param targetUtilization |
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* the desired utilization of the CPUs (0 <= targetUtilization <= * 1) * @param targetQueueSizeBytes * the desired maximum work queue size of the thread pool (bytes) */ protected void calculateBoundaries(BigDecimal targetUtilization, BigDecimal targetQueueSizeBytes) { calculateOptimalCapacity(targetQueueSizeBytes); Runnable task = creatTask(); start(task); start(task); // warm up phase long cputime = getCurrentThreadCPUTime(); start(task); // test intervall cputime = getCurrentThreadCPUTime() - cputime; long waittime = (testtime * 1000000) - cputime; calculateOptimalThreadCount(cputime, waittime, targetUtilization); } private void calculateOptimalCapacity(BigDecimal targetQueueSizeBytes) { long mem = calculateMemoryUsage(); BigDecimal queueCapacity = targetQueueSizeBytes.divide(new BigDecimal( mem), RoundingMode.HALF_UP); System.out.println("Target queue memory usage (bytes): " + targetQueueSizeBytes); System.out.println("createTask() produced " + creatTask().getClass().getName() + " which took " + mem + " bytes in a queue"); System.out.println("Formula: " + targetQueueSizeBytes + " / " + mem); System.out.println("* Recommended queue capacity (bytes): " + queueCapacity); } /** * Brian Goetz' optimal thread count formula, see 'Java Concurrency in * Practice' (chapter 8.2) * * @param cpu * cpu time consumed by considered task * @param wait * wait time of considered task * @param targetUtilization * target utilization of the system */ private void calculateOptimalThreadCount(long cpu, long wait, BigDecimal targetUtilization) { BigDecimal waitTime = new BigDecimal(wait); BigDecimal computeTime = new BigDecimal(cpu); BigDecimal numberOfCPU = new BigDecimal(Runtime.getRuntime() .availableProcessors()); BigDecimal optimalthreadcount = numberOfCPU.multiply(targetUtilization) .multiply( new BigDecimal(1).add(waitTime.divide(computeTime, RoundingMode.HALF_UP))); System.out.println("Number of CPU: " + numberOfCPU); System.out.println("Target utilization: " + targetUtilization); System.out.println("Elapsed time (nanos): " + (testtime * 1000000)); System.out.println("Compute time (nanos): " + cpu); System.out.println("Wait time (nanos): " + wait); System.out.println("Formula: " + numberOfCPU + " * " + targetUtilization + " * (1 + " + waitTime + " / " + computeTime + ")"); System.out.println("* Optimal thread count: " + optimalthreadcount); } /** * Runs the {@link Runnable} over a period defined in {@link #testtime}. * Based on Heinz Kabbutz' ideas * (http://www.javaspecialists.eu/archive/Issue124.html). * * @param task * the runnable under investigation */ public void start(Runnable task) { long start = 0; int runs = 0; do { if (++runs > 5) { |
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throw new IllegalStateException("Test not accurate"); |
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} |
048 |
expired = false; |
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start = System.currentTimeMillis(); |
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Timer timer = new Timer(); |
051 |
timer.schedule(new TimerTask() { |
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public void run() { |
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expired = true; |
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} |
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}, testtime); |
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while (!expired) { |
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task.run(); |
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} |
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start = System.currentTimeMillis() - start; |
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timer.cancel(); |
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} while (Math.abs(start - testtime) > EPSYLON); |
062 |
collectGarbage(3); |
063 |
} |
064 |
065 |
private void collectGarbage(int times) { |
066 |
for (int i = 0; i < times; i++) { |
067 |
System.gc(); |
068 |
try { |
069 |
Thread.sleep(10); |
070 |
} catch (InterruptedException e) { |
071 |
Thread.currentThread().interrupt(); |
072 |
break; |
073 |
} |
074 |
} |
075 |
} |
076 |
077 |
/** |
078 |
* Calculates the memory usage of a single element in a work queue. Based on |
079 |
* Heinz Kabbutz' ideas |
081 |
* |
082 |
* @return memory usage of a single {@link Runnable} element in the thread |
083 |
* pools work queue |
084 |
*/ |
085 |
public long calculateMemoryUsage() { |
086 |
BlockingQueue queue = createWorkQueue(); |
087 |
for (int i = 0; i < SAMPLE_QUEUE_SIZE; i++) { |
088 |
queue.add(creatTask()); |
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} |
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long mem0 = Runtime.getRuntime().totalMemory() |
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- Runtime.getRuntime().freeMemory(); |
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long mem1 = Runtime.getRuntime().totalMemory() |
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- Runtime.getRuntime().freeMemory(); |
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queue = null; |
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collectGarbage(15); |
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mem0 = Runtime.getRuntime().totalMemory() |
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- Runtime.getRuntime().freeMemory(); |
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queue = createWorkQueue(); |
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for (int i = 0; i < SAMPLE_QUEUE_SIZE; i++) { |
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queue.add(creatTask()); |
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} |
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collectGarbage(15); |
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mem1 = Runtime.getRuntime().totalMemory() |
104 |
- Runtime.getRuntime().freeMemory(); |
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return (mem1 - mem0) / SAMPLE_QUEUE_SIZE; |
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} |
107 |
108 |
/** |
109 |
* Create your runnable task here. |
110 |
* |
111 |
* @return an instance of your runnable task under investigation |
112 |
*/ |
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protected abstract Runnable creatTask(); |
114 |
115 |
/** |
116 |
* Return an instance of the queue used in the thread pool. |
117 |
* |
118 |
* @return queue instance |
119 |
*/ |
120 |
protected abstract BlockingQueue createWorkQueue(); |
121 |
122 |
/** |
123 |
* Calculate current cpu time. Various frameworks may be used here, |
124 |
* depending on the operating system in use. (e.g. |
125 |
* http://www.hyperic.com/products/sigar). The more accurate the CPU time |
126 |
* measurement, the more accurate the results for thread count boundaries. |
127 |
* |
128 |
* @return current cpu time of current thread |
129 |
*/ |
130 |
protected abstract long getCurrentThreadCPUTime(); |
131 |
132 |
} |
然后自己继承这个抽象类并实现它的三个抽象方法，比如下面是我写的一个示例（任务是请求网络数据），其中我指定期望CPU利用率为1.0（即100%），任务队列总大小不超过100,000字节：
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package pool_size_calculate; |
02 |
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import java.io.BufferedReader; |
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import java.io.IOException; |
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import java.io.InputStreamReader; |
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import java.lang.management.ManagementFactory; |
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import java.math.BigDecimal; |
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import java.net.HttpURLConnection; |
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import java.net.URL; |
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import java.util.concurrent.BlockingQueue; |
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import java.util.concurrent.LinkedBlockingQueue; |
12 |
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public class SimplePoolSizeCaculatorImpl extends PoolSizeCalculator { |
14 |
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@Override |
16 |
protected Runnable creatTask() { |
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return new AsyncIOTask(); |
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} |
19 |
20 |
@Override |
21 |
protected BlockingQueue createWorkQueue() { |
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return new LinkedBlockingQueue(1000); |
23 |
} |
24 |
25 |
@Override |
26 |
protected long getCurrentThreadCPUTime() { |
27 |
return ManagementFactory.getThreadMXBean().getCurrentThreadCpuTime(); |
28 |
} |
29 |
30 |
public static void main(String[] args) { |
31 |
PoolSizeCalculator poolSizeCalculator = new SimplePoolSizeCaculatorImpl(); |
32 |
poolSizeCalculator.calculateBoundaries(new BigDecimal(1.0), new BigDecimal(100000)); |
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} |
34 |
35 |
} |
36 |
37 |
/** |
38 |
* 自定义的异步IO任务 |
39 |
* @author Will |
40 |
* |
41 |
*/ |
42 |
class AsyncIOTask implements Runnable { |
43 |
44 |
@Override |
45 |
public void run() { |
46 |
HttpURLConnection connection = null; |
47 |
BufferedReader reader = null; |
48 |
try { |
49 |
String getURL = "http://baidu.com"; |
50 |
URL getUrl = new URL(getURL); |
51 |
52 |
connection = (HttpURLConnection) getUrl.openConnection(); |
53 |
connection.connect(); |
54 |
reader = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader( |
55 |
connection.getInputStream())); |
56 |
57 |
String line; |
58 |
while ((line = reader.readLine()) != null) { |
59 |
// empty loop |
60 |
} |
61 |
} |
62 |
63 |
catch (IOException e) { |
64 |
65 |
} finally { |
66 |
if(reader != null) { |
67 |
try { |
68 |
reader.close(); |
69 |
} |
70 |
catch(Exception e) { |
71 |
72 |
} |
73 |
} |
74 |
connection.disconnect(); |
75 |
} |
76 |
77 |
} |
78 |
79 |
} |
得到的输出如下：
01 |
Target queue memory usage (bytes): 100000 |
02 |
createTask() produced pool_size_calculate.AsyncIOTask which took 40 bytes in a queue |
03 |
Formula: 100000 / 40 |
04 |
* Recommended queue capacity (bytes): 2500 |
05 |
Number of CPU: 4 |
06 |
Target utilization: 1 |
07 |
Elapsed time (nanos): 3000000000 |
08 |
Compute time (nanos): 47181000 |
09 |
Wait time (nanos): 2952819000 |
10 |
Formula: 4 * 1 * (1 + 2952819000 / 47181000) |
11 |
* Optimal thread count: 256 |
推荐的任务队列大小为2500，线程数为256，有点出乎意料之外。我可以如下构造一个线程池：
1 |
ThreadPoolExecutor pool = |
2 |
new ThreadPoolExecutor(256, 256, 0L, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS, new LinkedBlockingQueue(2500)); |
