1. 算术运算符
算术运算符主要用于数学运算,其可以连接运算符前后的两个数值或表达式,对数值或表达式进行加(+)、减(-)、乘(*)、除(/)和取模(%)运算。
1.1 加法与减法运算符
SELECT 100, 100 + 0, 100 - 0, 100 + 50, 100 + 50 -30, 100 + 35.5, 100 - 35.5 FROM dual; /*输出: +-----+---------+---------+----------+--------------+------------+------------+ | 100 | 100 + 0 | 100 - 0 | 100 + 50 | 100 + 50 -30 | 100 + 35.5 | 100 - 35.5 | +-----+---------+---------+----------+--------------+------------+------------+ | 100 | 100 | 100 | 150 | 120 | 135.5 | 64.5 | +-----+---------+---------+----------+--------------+------------+------------+ */
结论:
- 一个整数类型的值对整数进行加法和减法操作,结果还是一个整数;
- 一个整数类型的值对浮点数进行加法和减法操作,结果是一个浮点数;
- 加法和减法的优先级相同,进行先加后减操作与进行先减后加操作的结果是一样的;
- 在Java中,+的左右两边如果有字符串,那么表示字符串的拼接。但是在MySQL中+只表示数 值相加。如果遇到非数值类型,先尝试转成数值,如果转失败,就按0计算。(补充:MySQL 中字符串拼接要使用字符串函数CONCAT()实现)
1.2 乘法与除法运算符
SELECT 100, 100 * 1, 100 * 1.0, 100 / 1.0, 100 / 2,100 + 2 * 5 / 2,100 /3, 100 DIV 0 FROM dual; /*输出: +-----+---------+-----------+-----------+---------+-----------------+---------+-----------+ | 100 | 100 * 1 | 100 * 1.0 | 100 / 1.0 | 100 / 2 | 100 + 2 * 5 / 2 | 100 /3 | 100 DIV 0 | +-----+---------+-----------+-----------+---------+-----------------+---------+-----------+ | 100 | 100 | 100.0 | 100.0000 | 50.0000 | 105.0000 | 33.3333 | NULL | +-----+---------+-----------+-----------+---------+-----------------+---------+-----------+ */ #计算出员工的年基本工资 SELECT employee_id,salary,salary * 12 annual_sal FROM employees; /*部分输出 +-------------+----------+------------+ | employee_id | salary | annual_sal | +-------------+----------+------------+ | 100 | 24000.00 | 288000.00 | | 101 | 17000.00 | 204000.00 | | 102 | 17000.00 | 204000.00 | | 103 | 9000.00 | 108000.00 | | 104 | 6000.00 | 72000.00 | | 105 | 4800.00 | 57600.00 | */
结论:
- 一个数乘以整数1和除以整数1后仍得原数;
- 一个数乘以浮点数1和除以浮点数1后变成浮点数,数值与原数相等;
- 一个数除以整数后,不管是否能除尽,结果都为一个浮点数;
- 一个数除以另一个数,除不尽时,结果为一个浮点数,并保留到小数点后4位;
- 乘法和除法的优先级相同,进行先乘后除操作与先除后乘操作,得出的结果相同。
- 在数学运算中,0不能用作除数,在MySQL中,一个数除以0为NULL。
1.3 求模运算符
SELECT 12 % 3, 12 MOD 5 FROM dual; /* +--------+----------+ | 12 % 3 | 12 MOD 5 | +--------+----------+ | 0 | 2 | +--------+----------+ */ #筛选出employee_id是偶数的员工 SELECT * FROM employees WHERE employee_id MOD 2 = 0; /* +-------------+-------------+-------------+----------+--------------------+------------+------------+----------+----------------+------------+---------------+ | employee_id | first_name | last_name | email | phone_number | hire_date | job_id | salary | commission_pct | manager_id | department_id | +-------------+-------------+-------------+----------+--------------------+------------+------------+----------+----------------+------------+---------------+ | 100 | Steven | King | SKING | 515.123.4567 | 1987-06-17 | AD_PRES | 24000.00 | NULL | NULL | 90 | | 102 | Lex | De Haan | LDEHAAN | 515.123.4569 | 1993-01-13 | AD_VP | 17000.00 | NULL | 100 | 90 | */
举例演示
#1. 算术运算符: + - * / div % mod SELECT 100, 100 + 0, 100 - 0, 100 + 50, 100 + 50 * 30, 100 + 35.5, 100 - 35.5 FROM DUAL; /*输出: +-----+---------+---------+----------+---------------+------------+------------+ | 100 | 100 + 0 | 100 - 0 | 100 + 50 | 100 + 50 * 30 | 100 + 35.5 | 100 - 35.5 | +-----+---------+---------+----------+---------------+------------+------------+ | 100 | 100 | 100 | 150 | 1600 | 135.5 | 64.5 | +-----+---------+---------+----------+---------------+------------+------------+ */ # 在SQL中,+没有连接的作用,就表示加法运算。此时,会将字符串转换为数值(隐式转换) SELECT 100 + '1' # 在Java语言中,结果是:1001。 FROM DUAL; /*输出: +-----------+ | 100 + '1' | +-----------+ | 101 | +-----------+ */ SELECT 100 + 'a' #此时将'a'看做0处理,不能转换视作0 FROM DUAL; /*输出: +-----------+ | 100 + 'a' | +-----------+ | 100 | +-----------+ */ SELECT 100 + NULL # null值参与运算,结果为null FROM DUAL; /*输出: +------------+ | 100 + NULL | +------------+ | NULL | +------------+ */ SELECT 100, 100 * 1, 100 * 1.0, 100 / 1.0, 100 / 2, 100 + 2 * 5 / 2,100 / 3, 100 DIV 0 # 分母如果为0,则结果为null FROM DUAL; /*输出(相除为浮点型): +-----+---------+-----------+-----------+---------+-----------------+---------+-----------+ | 100 | 100 * 1 | 100 * 1.0 | 100 / 1.0 | 100 / 2 | 100 + 2 * 5 / 2 | 100 / 3 | 100 DIV 0 | +-----+---------+-----------+-----------+---------+-----------------+---------+-----------+ | 100 | 100 | 100.0 | 100.0000 | 50.0000 | 105.0000 | 33.3333 | NULL | +-----+---------+-----------+-----------+---------+-----------------+---------+-----------+ */ # 取模运算: % mod SELECT 12 % 3,12 % 5, 12 MOD -5,-12 % 5,-12 % -5 FROM DUAL; /*输出(结果的符号与被模数一致): +--------+--------+-----------+---------+----------+ | 12 % 3 | 12 % 5 | 12 MOD -5 | -12 % 5 | -12 % -5 | +--------+--------+-----------+---------+----------+ | 0 | 2 | 2 | -2 | -2 | +--------+--------+-----------+---------+----------+ */ #练习:查询员工id为偶数的员工信息 SELECT employee_id,last_name,salary FROM employees WHERE employee_id % 2 = 0; /*输出: +-------------+-------------+----------+ | employee_id | last_name | salary | +-------------+-------------+----------+ | 100 | King | 24000.00 | | 102 | De Haan | 17000.00 | | 104 | Ernst | 6000.00 | | 106 | Pataballa | 4800.00 | | 108 | Greenberg | 12000.00 | | 110 | Chen | 8200.00 | | 112 | Urman | 7800.00 | */
2. 比较运算符
比较运算符用来对表达式左边的操作数和右边的操作数进行比较,比较的结果为真则返回1,比较的结果
为假则返回0,其他情况则返回NULL。
比较运算符经常被用来作为SELECT查询语句的条件来使用,返回符合条件的结果记录。
2.1 等号运算符
- 等号运算符(=)判断等号两边的值、字符串或表达式是否相等,如果相等则返回1,不相等则返回 0。
- 在使用等号运算符时,遵循如下规则:
- 如果等号两边的值、字符串或表达式都为字符串,则MySQL会按照字符串进行比较,其比较的 是每个字符串中字符的ANSI编码是否相等。
- 如果等号两边的值都是整数,则MySQL会按照整数来比较两个值的大小。
- 如果等号两边的值一个是整数,另一个是字符串,则MySQL会将字符串转化为数字进行比较。
- 如果等号两边的值、字符串或表达式中有一个为NULL,则比较结果为NULL。
- 对比:SQL中赋值符号使用 :=
SELECT 1 = 1, 1 = '1', 1 = 0, 'a' = 'a', (5 + 3) = (2 + 6), '' = NULL ,NULL=NULL; /*输出: +-------+---------+-------+-----------+-------------------+-----------+-----------+ | 1 = 1 | 1 = '1' | 1 = 0 | 'a' = 'a' | (5 + 3) = (2 + 6) | '' = NULL | NULL=NULL | +-------+---------+-------+-----------+-------------------+-----------+-----------+ | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | NULL | NULL | +-------+---------+-------+-----------+-------------------+-----------+-----------+ */ SELECT 1 = 2, 0 = 'abc', 1 = 'abc' FROM dual; /* +-------+-----------+-----------+ | 1 = 2 | 0 = 'abc' | 1 = 'abc' | +-------+-----------+-----------+ | 0 | 1 | 0 | +-------+-----------+-----------+ */ SELECT employee_id,salary FROM employees WHERE salary = 10000; /*#查询salary=10000,注意在Java中比较是== +-------------+----------+ | employee_id | salary | +-------------+----------+ | 150 | 10000.00 | | 156 | 10000.00 | | 169 | 10000.00 | | 204 | 10000.00 | +-------------+----------+ */
2.2 安全等于运算符
安全等于运算符(<=>)与等于运算符(=)的作用是相似的, 唯一的区别 是‘<=>’可以用来对NULL进行判断。在两个操作数均为NULL时,其返回值为1,而不为NULL;当一个操作数为NULL时,其返回值为0,而不为NULL。
SELECT 1 <=> '1', 1 <=> 0, 'a' <=> 'a', (5 + 3) <=> (2 + 6), '' <=> NULL,NULL<=> NULL FROM dual; /*输出 +-----------+---------+-------------+---------------------+-------------+--------------+ | 1 <=> '1' | 1 <=> 0 | 'a' <=> 'a' | (5 + 3) <=> (2 + 6) | '' <=> NULL | NULL<=> NULL | +-----------+---------+-------------+---------------------+-------------+--------------+ | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | +-----------+---------+-------------+---------------------+-------------+--------------+ */ #查询commission_pct等于0.40 SELECT employee_id,commission_pct FROM employees WHERE commission_pct = 0.40; #或 SELECT employee_id,commission_pct FROM employees WHERE commission_pct <=> 0.40; /*输出: +-------------+----------------+ | employee_id | commission_pct | +-------------+----------------+ | 145 | 0.40 | +-------------+----------------+ */ #可以看到,使用安全等于运算符时,两边的操作数的值都为NULL时,返回的结果为1而不是NULL,其他 #返回结果与等于运算符相同。
2.3 不等于运算符
不等于运算符(<>和!=)用于判断两边的数字、字符串或者表达式的值是否不相等,如果不相等则返回1,相等则返回0。不等于运算符不能判断NULL值。如果两边的值有任意一个为NULL,或两边都为NULL,则结果为NULL。 SQL语句示例如下:
SELECT 1 <> 1, 1 != 2, 'a' != 'b', (3+4) <> (2+6), 'a' != NULL, NULL <> NULL; /* +--------+--------+------------+----------------+-------------+--------------+ | 1 <> 1 | 1 != 2 | 'a' != 'b' | (3+4) <> (2+6) | 'a' != NULL | NULL <> NULL | +--------+--------+------------+----------------+-------------+--------------+ | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | NULL | NULL | +--------+--------+------------+----------------+-------------+--------------+ */
此外,还有非符号类型的运算符:
2.4 空运算符
空运算符(IS NULL或者ISNULL)判断一个值是否为NULL,如果为NULL则返回1,否则返回0。 SQL语句示例如下:
SELECT NULL IS NULL, ISNULL(NULL), ISNULL('a'), 1 IS NULL; /*输出 +--------------+--------------+-------------+-----------+ | NULL IS NULL | ISNULL(NULL) | ISNULL('a') | 1 IS NULL | +--------------+--------------+-------------+-----------+ | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | +--------------+--------------+-------------+-----------+ */ SELECT employee_id,commission_pct FROM employees WHERE commission_pct IS NULL; #或 SELECT employee_id,commission_pct FROM employees WHERE commission_pct <=> NULL; #或 /*输出: +-------------+----------------+ | employee_id | commission_pct | +-------------+----------------+ | 100 | NULL | | 101 | NULL | | 102 | NULL | | 103 | NULL | | 104 | NULL | */ SELECT employee_id,commission_pct FROM employees WHERE commission_pct = NULL; #输出Empty set (0.00 sec) SELECT last_name, manager_id FROM employees WHERE manager_id IS NULL; /*输出 SELECT last_name, manager_id FROM employees WHERE manager_id IS NULL; +-----------+------------+ | last_name | manager_id | +-----------+------------+ | King | NULL | +-----------+------------+ */
2.5 非空运算符
非空运算符(IS NOT NULL)判断一个值是否不为NULL,如果不为NULL则返回1,否则返回0。
SELECT NULL IS NOT NULL, 'a' IS NOT NULL, 1 IS NOT NULL; /*输出 +------------------+-----------------+---------------+ | NULL IS NOT NULL | 'a' IS NOT NULL | 1 IS NOT NULL | +------------------+-----------------+---------------+ | 0 | 1 | 1 | +------------------+-----------------+---------------+ */ SELECT employee_id,commission_pct FROM employees WHERE NOT commission_pct <=> NULL; #或 SELECT employee_id,commission_pct FROM employees WHERE NOT ISNULL(commission_pct); /*输出: +-------------+----------------+ | employee_id | commission_pct | +-------------+----------------+ | 145 | 0.40 | | 146 | 0.30 | | 147 | 0.30 | | 148 | 0.30 | | 149 | 0.20 | | 150 | 0.30 | | 151 | 0.25 | | 152 | 0.25 | */
2.6 最小值运算符
语法格式为:LEAST(值1,值2,…,值n)。其中,“值n”表示参数列表中有n个值。在有两个或多个参数的情况下,返回最小值。
SELECT LEAST (1,0,2), LEAST('b','a','c'), LEAST(1,NULL,2); /*输出: +---------------+--------------------+-----------------+ | LEAST (1,0,2) | LEAST('b','a','c') | LEAST(1,NULL,2) | +---------------+--------------------+-----------------+ | 0 | a | NULL | +---------------+--------------------+-----------------+ */
由结果可以看到,当参数是整数或者浮点数时,LEAST将返回其中最小的值;当参数为字符串时,返回字母表中顺序最靠前的字符;当比较值列表中有NULL时,不能判断大小,返回值为NULL。
2.7 最大值运算符
语法格式为:GREATEST(值1,值2,…,值n)。其中,n表示参数列表中有n个值。当有两个或多个参数时,返回值为最大值。假如任意一个自变量为NULL,则GREATEST()的返回值为NULL。
SELECT GREATEST(1,0,2), GREATEST('b','a','c'), GREATEST(1,NULL,2); /*输出 +-----------------+-----------------------+--------------------+ | GREATEST(1,0,2) | GREATEST('b','a','c') | GREATEST(1,NULL,2) | +-----------------+-----------------------+--------------------+ | 2 | c | NULL | +-----------------+-----------------------+--------------------+ */
由结果可以看到,当参数中是整数或者浮点数时,GREATEST将返回其中最大的值;当参数为字符串时,返回字母表中顺序最靠后的字符;当比较值列表中有NULL时,不能判断大小,返回值为NULL。
2.8 BETWEEN AND运算符
BETWEEN运算符使用的格式通常为SELECT D FROM TABLE WHERE C BETWEEN A AND B,此时,当C大于或等于A,并且C小于或等于B时,结果为1,否则结果为0。
SELECT 1 BETWEEN 0 AND 1, 10 BETWEEN 11 AND 12, 'b' BETWEEN 'a' AND 'c'; /*输出 +-------------------+----------------------+-------------------------+ | 1 BETWEEN 0 AND 1 | 10 BETWEEN 11 AND 12 | 'b' BETWEEN 'a' AND 'c' | +-------------------+----------------------+-------------------------+ | 1 | 0 | 1 | +-------------------+----------------------+-------------------------+ */ SELECT last_name, salary FROM employees WHERE salary BETWEEN 2500 AND 3500; /*输出 +-------------+---------+ | last_name | salary | +-------------+---------+ | Khoo | 3100.00 | | Baida | 2900.00 | | Tobias | 2800.00 | | Himuro | 2600.00 | | Colmenares | 2500.00 | | Nayer | 3200.00 | | Mikkilineni | 2700.00 | */
2.9 IN运算符
IN运算符用于判断给定的值是否是IN列表中的一个值,如果是则返回1,否则返回0。如果给定的值为NULL,或者IN列表中存在NULL,则结果为NULL。
SELECT 'a' IN ('a','b','c'), 1 IN (2,3), NULL IN ('a','b'), 'a' IN ('a', NULL); /*输出: +----------------------+------------+-------------------+--------------------+ | 'a' IN ('a','b','c') | 1 IN (2,3) | NULL IN ('a','b') | 'a' IN ('a', NULL) | +----------------------+------------+-------------------+--------------------+ | 1 | 0 | NULL | 1 | +----------------------+------------+-------------------+--------------------+ */ SELECT employee_id, last_name, salary, manager_id FROM employees WHERE manager_id IN (100, 101, 201); /*输出 +-------------+-----------+----------+------------+ | employee_id | last_name | salary | manager_id | +-------------+-----------+----------+------------+ | 101 | Kochhar | 17000.00 | 100 | | 102 | De Haan | 17000.00 | 100 | | 108 | Greenberg | 12000.00 | 101 | | 114 | Raphaely | 11000.00 | 100 | */
2.10 NOT IN运算符
NOT IN运算符用于判断给定的值是否不是IN列表中的一个值,如果不是IN列表中的一个值,则返回1,否则返回0。
SELECT 'a' NOT IN ('a','b','c'), 1 NOT IN (2,3); /*输出: +--------------------------+----------------+ | 'a' NOT IN ('a','b','c') | 1 NOT IN (2,3) | +--------------------------+----------------+ | 0 | 1 | +--------------------------+----------------+ */
2.11 LIKE运算符
LIKE运算符主要用来匹配字符串,通常用于模糊匹配,如果满足条件则返回1,否则返回0。如果给定的值或者匹配条件为NULL,则返回结果为NULL。LIKE运算符通常使用如下通配符:
“%”:匹配0个或多个字符。
“_”:只能匹配一个字符。
SELECT NULL LIKE 'abc', 'abc' LIKE NULL; /*输出 +-----------------+-----------------+ | NULL LIKE 'abc' | 'abc' LIKE NULL | +-----------------+-----------------+ | NULL | NULL | +-----------------+-----------------+ */ SELECT first_name FROM employees WHERE first_name LIKE 'S%'; /*输出 +------------+ | first_name | +------------+ | Steven | | Shelli | | Sigal | | Shanta | | Steven | | Stephen | | Sarath | | Sundar | */
2.12 ESCAPE
- 回避特殊符号的:使用转义符。例如:将[%]转为[ $ % ]、[]转为[ $ ],然后再加上[ESCAPE‘$’]即可。
- 如果使用\表示转义,要省略ESCAPE。如果不是\,则要加上ESCAPE。
SELECT job_id FROM jobs WHERE job_id LIKE 'IT\_%'; /*输出 +---------+ | job_id | +---------+ | IT_PROG | +---------+ */ #如果使用\表示转义,要省略ESCAPE。如果不是\,则要加上ESCAPE。 SELECT job_id FROM jobs WHERE job_id LIKE 'IT$_%' escape '$'; /*输出 +---------+ | job_id | +---------+ | IT_PROG | +---------+ */
2.13 REGEXP运算符
REGEXP运算符用来匹配字符串,语法格式为:
expr REGEXP 匹配条件
如果expr满足匹配条件,返回1;如果不满足,则返回0。若expr或匹配条件任意一个NULL,则结果为NULL。
REGEXP运算符在进行匹配时,常用的有下面几种通配符:
(1)‘^’匹配以该字符后面的字符开头的字符串。
(2)‘$’匹配以该字符前面的字符结尾的字符串。
(3)‘.’匹配任何一个单字符。
(4)“[…]”匹配在方括号内的任何字符。例如,“[abc]”匹配“a”或“b”或“c”。为了命名字符的范围,使用一个‘-’。“[a-z]”匹配任何字母,而“[0-9]”匹配任何数字。
(5)‘’匹配零个或多个在它前面的字符。例如,“x”匹配任何数量的‘x’字符,“[0-9]”匹配任何数量的数字,而“”匹配任何数量的任何字符。
SELECT 'shkstart' REGEXP '^s', 'shkstart' REGEXP 't$', 'shkstart' REGEXP 'hk'; /*输出 +------------------------+------------------------+------------------------+ | 'shkstart' REGEXP '^s' | 'shkstart' REGEXP 't$' | 'shkstart' REGEXP 'hk' | +------------------------+------------------------+------------------------+ | 1 | 1 | 1 | +------------------------+------------------------+------------------------+ */ SELECT 'atguigu' REGEXP 'gu.gu', 'atguigu' REGEXP '[ab]'; /*输出 +--------------------------+-------------------------+ | 'atguigu' REGEXP 'gu.gu' | 'atguigu' REGEXP '[ab]' | +--------------------------+-------------------------+ | 1 | 1 | +--------------------------+-------------------------+ */
举例演示
#2. 比较运算符 #2.1 = <=>(安全等于) <> != < <= > >= # = 的使用 SELECT 1 = 2,1 != 2,1 = '1',1 = 'a',0 = 'a' #字符串存在隐式转换。如果转换数值不成功,则看做0 FROM DUAL; /*输出: +-------+--------+---------+---------+---------+ | 1 = 2 | 1 != 2 | 1 = '1' | 1 = 'a' | 0 = 'a' | +-------+--------+---------+---------+---------+ | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | +-------+--------+---------+---------+---------+ */ SELECT 'a' = 'a','ab' = 'ab','a' = 'b' #两边都是字符串的话,则按照ANSI的比较规则进行比较。 FROM DUAL; /*输出(两边都是字符串时不会都转换为数字0再比较,而是直接比较字符串一不一致): +-----------+-------------+-----------+ | 'a' = 'a' | 'ab' = 'ab' | 'a' = 'b' | +-----------+-------------+-----------+ | 1 | 1 | 0 | +-----------+-------------+-----------+ */ SELECT 1 = NULL,NULL = NULL # 只要有null参与判断,结果就为null FROM DUAL; /*输出: +----------+-------------+ | 1 = NULL | NULL = NULL | +----------+-------------+ | NULL | NULL | +----------+-------------+ */ SELECT last_name,salary,commission_pct FROM employees #where salary = 6000; WHERE commission_pct = NULL;#此时执行,不论commission_pct是否为空,都不会有任何的结果 #输出:Empty set (0.00 sec) # <=> :安全等于。 记忆技巧:为NULL而生。 #可以看到,使用安全等于运算符时,两边的操作数的值都为NULL时, #返回的结果为1而不是NULL,其他返回结果与等于运算符相同。 SELECT 1 <=> 2,1 <=> '1',1 <=> 'a',0 <=> 'a' FROM DUAL; /*输出: +---------+-----------+-----------+-----------+ | 1 <=> 2 | 1 <=> '1' | 1 <=> 'a' | 0 <=> 'a' | +---------+-----------+-----------+-----------+ | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | +---------+-----------+-----------+-----------+ */ SELECT 1 <=> NULL, NULL <=> NULL FROM DUAL; /*输出: +------------+---------------+ | 1 <=> NULL | NULL <=> NULL | +------------+---------------+ | 0 | 1 | +------------+---------------+ */ #练习:查询表中commission_pct为null的数据有哪些 SELECT last_name,salary,commission_pct FROM employees WHERE commission_pct <=> NULL; /*部分输出: +-------------+----------+----------------+ | last_name | salary | commission_pct | +-------------+----------+----------------+ | King | 24000.00 | NULL | | Kochhar | 17000.00 | NULL | | De Haan | 17000.00 | NULL | | Hunold | 9000.00 | NULL | | Ernst | 6000.00 | NULL | | Austin | 4800.00 | NULL | */ SELECT 3 <> 2,'4' <> NULL, '' != NULL,NULL != NULL FROM DUAL; /*输出: +--------+-------------+------------+--------------+ | 3 <> 2 | '4' <> NULL | '' != NULL | NULL != NULL | +--------+-------------+------------+--------------+ | 1 | NULL | NULL | NULL | +--------+-------------+------------+--------------+ */ #2.2 #① IS NULL \ IS NOT NULL \ ISNULL #练习:(下面三个方式等价)查询表中commission_pct为null的数据有哪些 SELECT last_name,salary,commission_pct FROM employees WHERE commission_pct IS NULL; #或 SELECT last_name,salary,commission_pct FROM employees WHERE ISNULL(commission_pct); #或 SELECT last_name,salary,commission_pct FROM employees WHERE commission_pct <=> NULL; /*部分输出都为: +-------------+----------+----------------+ | last_name | salary | commission_pct | +-------------+----------+----------------+ | King | 24000.00 | NULL | | Kochhar | 17000.00 | NULL | | De Haan | 17000.00 | NULL | | Hunold | 9000.00 | NULL | | Ernst | 6000.00 | NULL | | Austin | 4800.00 | NULL | | Pataballa | 4800.00 | NULL | */ #练习:查询表中commission_pct不为null的数据有哪些 SELECT last_name,salary,commission_pct FROM employees WHERE commission_pct IS NOT NULL; #或 SELECT last_name,salary,commission_pct FROM employees WHERE NOT commission_pct <=> NULL; /*(以上两种方式)输出都为 +------------+----------+----------------+ | last_name | salary | commission_pct | +------------+----------+----------------+ | Russell | 14000.00 | 0.40 | | Partners | 13500.00 | 0.30 | | Errazuriz | 12000.00 | 0.30 | | Cambrault | 11000.00 | 0.30 | | Zlotkey | 10500.00 | 0.20 | */ #② LEAST() \ GREATEST --> 最小\最大 SELECT LEAST('g','b','t','m'),GREATEST('g','b','t','m') FROM DUAL; /*输出(b最小、t最大): +------------------------+---------------------------+ | LEAST('g','b','t','m') | GREATEST('g','b','t','m') | +------------------------+---------------------------+ | b | t | +------------------------+---------------------------+ */ SELECT LEAST(first_name,last_name),LEAST(LENGTH(first_name),LENGTH(last_name)) FROM employees; /*部分输出: +-----------------------------+---------------------------------------------+ | LEAST(first_name,last_name) | LEAST(LENGTH(first_name),LENGTH(last_name)) | +-----------------------------+---------------------------------------------+ | King | 4 | | Kochhar | 5 | | De Haan | 3 | | Alexander | 6 | */ #③ BETWEEN 条件下界1 AND 条件上界2 (查询条件1和条件2范围内的数据,包含边界) #查询工资在6000 到 8000的员工信息 SELECT employee_id,last_name,salary FROM employees #where salary between 6000 and 8000; WHERE salary >= 6000 && salary <= 8000; /*部分输出: +-------------+-----------+---------+ | employee_id | last_name | salary | +-------------+-----------+---------+ | 104 | Ernst | 6000.00 | | 111 | Sciarra | 7700.00 | | 112 | Urman | 7800.00 | | 113 | Popp | 6900.00 | | 120 | Weiss | 8000.00 | */ #交换6000 和 8000之后,查询不到数据 SELECT employee_id,last_name,salary FROM employees WHERE salary BETWEEN 8000 AND 6000; #输出Empty set (0.00 sec) #查询工资不在6000 到 8000的员工信息 SELECT employee_id,last_name,salary FROM employees WHERE salary NOT BETWEEN 6000 AND 8000; #where salary < 6000 or salary > 8000; /*部分输出: +-------------+-------------+----------+ | employee_id | last_name | salary | +-------------+-------------+----------+ | 100 | King | 24000.00 | | 101 | Kochhar | 17000.00 | | 102 | De Haan | 17000.00 | | 103 | Hunold | 9000.00 | | 105 | Austin | 4800.00 | | 106 | Pataballa | 4800.00 | */ #④ in (set)\ not in (set) #练习:查询部门为10,20,30部门的员工信息 SELECT last_name,salary,department_id FROM employees #where department_id = 10 or department_id = 20 or department_id = 30; WHERE department_id IN (10,20,30); /*输出: +------------+----------+---------------+ | last_name | salary | department_id | +------------+----------+---------------+ | Whalen | 4400.00 | 10 | | Hartstein | 13000.00 | 20 | | Fay | 6000.00 | 20 | | Raphaely | 11000.00 | 30 | | Khoo | 3100.00 | 30 | | Baida | 2900.00 | 30 | | Tobias | 2800.00 | 30 | | Himuro | 2600.00 | 30 | | Colmenares | 2500.00 | 30 | +------------+----------+---------------+ */ #练习:查询工资不是6000,7000,8000的员工信息 SELECT last_name,salary,department_id FROM employees WHERE salary NOT IN (6000,7000,8000); /*输出: +-------------+----------+---------------+ | last_name | salary | department_id | +-------------+----------+---------------+ | King | 24000.00 | 90 | | Kochhar | 17000.00 | 90 | | De Haan | 17000.00 | 90 | | Hunold | 9000.00 | 60 | | Austin | 4800.00 | 60 | */ #⑤ LIKE :模糊查询 # % : 代表不确定个数的字符 (0个,1个,或多个) #练习:查询last_name中包含字符'a'的员工信息 SELECT last_name FROM employees WHERE last_name LIKE '%a%'; /*部分输出: +------------+ | last_name | +------------+ | Kochhar | | De Haan | | Austin | | Pataballa | | Faviet | | Sciarra | */ #练习:查询last_name中以字符'a'开头的员工信息 SELECT last_name FROM employees WHERE last_name LIKE 'a%'; /*输出: +-----------+ | last_name | +-----------+ | Austin | | Atkinson | | Ande | | Abel | +-----------+ */ #练习:查询last_name中包含字符'a'且包含字符'e'的员工信息 #写法1: SELECT last_name FROM employees WHERE last_name LIKE '%a%' AND last_name LIKE '%e%'; #写法2: SELECT last_name FROM employees WHERE last_name LIKE '%a%e%' OR last_name LIKE '%e%a%'; /*输出: +------------+ | last_name | +------------+ | De Haan | | Faviet | | Raphaely | | Colmenares | | Nayer | | Markle | */ # _ :一个下划线代表一个不确定的字符 # n个下划线代表n个不确定的字符 #练习:查询第3个字符是'a'的员工信息 SELECT last_name FROM employees WHERE last_name LIKE '__a%'; /*输出: +-----------+ | last_name | +-----------+ | Grant | | Grant | | Whalen | +-----------+ */ #练习:查询第2个字符是_且第3个字符是'a'的员工信息 #需要使用转义字符: \ SELECT last_name FROM employees WHERE last_name LIKE '_\_a%'; #输出Empty set (0.00 sec) #或者 (了解) SELECT last_name FROM employees WHERE last_name LIKE '_$_a%' ESCAPE '$'; #输出Empty set (0.00 sec) #⑥ REGEXP \ RLIKE :正则表达式 SELECT 'shkstart' REGEXP '^shk', 'shkstart' REGEXP 't$', 'shkstart' REGEXP 'hk' FROM DUAL; /*输出: +--------------------------+------------------------+------------------------+ | 'shkstart' REGEXP '^shk' | 'shkstart' REGEXP 't$' | 'shkstart' REGEXP 'hk' | +--------------------------+------------------------+------------------------+ | 1 | 1 | 1 | +--------------------------+------------------------+------------------------+ */ SELECT 'atguigu' REGEXP 'gu.gu','atguigu' REGEXP '[ab]' FROM DUAL; /*输出: +--------------------------+-------------------------+ | 'atguigu' REGEXP 'gu.gu' | 'atguigu' REGEXP '[ab]' | +--------------------------+-------------------------+ | 1 | 1 | +--------------------------+-------------------------+ */
3. 逻辑运算符
逻辑运算符主要用来判断表达式的真假,在MySQL中,逻辑运算符的返回结果为1、0或者NULL。
MySQL中支持4种逻辑运算符如下:
3.1 逻辑非运算符
逻辑非(NOT或!)运算符表示当给定的值为0时返回1;当给定的值为0值时返回1;
当给定的值为NULL时,返回NULL。
SELECT NOT 1, NOT 0, NOT(1+1), NOT !1, NOT NULL; /*输出: +-------+-------+----------+--------+----------+ | NOT 1 | NOT 0 | NOT(1+1) | NOT !1 | NOT NULL | +-------+-------+----------+--------+----------+ | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | NULL | +-------+-------+----------+--------+----------+ */ SELECT last_name, job_id FROM employees WHERE job_id NOT IN ('IT_PROG','ST_CLERK', 'SA_REP'); /*部分输出: +------------+------------+ | last_name | job_id | +------------+------------+ | King | AD_PRES | | Kochhar | AD_VP | | De Haan | AD_VP | | Greenberg | FI_MGR | */
3.2 逻辑与运算符
逻辑与(AND或&&)运算符是当给定的所有值均为非0值,并且都不为NULL时,返回1;当给定的一个值或者多个值为0时则返回0;否则返回NULL。
SELECT 1 AND -1, 0 AND 1, 0 AND NULL, 1 AND NULL; /*输出 +----------+---------+------------+------------+ | 1 AND -1 | 0 AND 1 | 0 AND NULL | 1 AND NULL | +----------+---------+------------+------------+ | 1 | 0 | 0 | NULL | +----------+---------+------------+------------+ */ SELECT employee_id, last_name, job_id,salary FROM employees WHERE salary >=10000 AND job_id LIKE '%MAN%'; /*输出 +-------------+-----------+--------+----------+ | employee_id | last_name | job_id | salary | +-------------+-----------+--------+----------+ | 114 | Raphaely | PU_MAN | 11000.00 | | 145 | Russell | SA_MAN | 14000.00 | | 146 | Partners | SA_MAN | 13500.00 | | 147 | Errazuriz | SA_MAN | 12000.00 | | 148 | Cambrault | SA_MAN | 11000.00 | | 149 | Zlotkey | SA_MAN | 10500.00 | | 201 | Hartstein | MK_MAN | 13000.00 | +-------------+-----------+--------+----------+ */
3.3 逻辑或运算符
逻辑或(OR或||)运算符是当给定的值都不为NULL,并且任何一个值为非0值时,则返回1,否则返回0;当一个值为NULL,并且另一个值为非0值时,返回1,否则返回NULL;当两个值都为NULL时,返回NULL。
SELECT 1 OR -1, 1 OR 0, 1 OR NULL, 0 || NULL, NULL || NULL; /*输出 +---------+--------+-----------+-----------+--------------+ | 1 OR -1 | 1 OR 0 | 1 OR NULL | 0 || NULL | NULL || NULL | +---------+--------+-----------+-----------+--------------+ | 1 | 1 | 1 | NULL | NULL | +---------+--------+-----------+-----------+--------------+ */ #查询基本薪资不在9000-12000之间的员工编号和基本薪资 SELECT employee_id,salary FROM employees WHERE NOT (salary >= 9000 AND salary <= 12000); #或 SELECT employee_id,salary FROM employees WHERE salary <9000 OR salary > 12000; #或 SELECT employee_id,salary FROM employees WHERE salary NOT BETWEEN 9000 AND 12000; /*输出: +-------------+----------+ | employee_id | salary | +-------------+----------+ | 100 | 24000.00 | | 101 | 17000.00 | | 102 | 17000.00 | | 104 | 6000.00 | | 105 | 4800.00 | | 106 | 4800.00 | | 107 | 4200.00 | */ SELECT employee_id, last_name, job_id, salary FROM employees WHERE salary >= 10000 OR job_id LIKE '%MAN%'; /*输出 +-------------+-----------+---------+----------+ | employee_id | last_name | job_id | salary | +-------------+-----------+---------+----------+ | 100 | King | AD_PRES | 24000.00 | | 101 | Kochhar | AD_VP | 17000.00 | | 102 | De Haan | AD_VP | 17000.00 | | 108 | Greenberg | FI_MGR | 12000.00 | */
注意:
OR可以和AND一起使用,但是在使用时要注意两者的优先级,由于AND的优先级高于OR,因此先对AND两边的操作数进行操作,再与OR中的操作数结合。
3.4 逻辑异或运算符
逻辑异或(XOR)运算符是当给定的值中任意一个值为NULL时,则返回NULL;如果两个非NULL的值都是0或者都不等于0时,则返回0;如果一个值为0,另一个值不为0时,则返回1。
SELECT 1 XOR -1, 1 XOR 0,0 XOR 0, 1 XOR NULL, 1 XOR 1 XOR 1, 0 XOR 0 XOR 0; /*输出: +----------+---------+---------+------------+----------------+----------------+ | 1 XOR -1 | 1 XOR 0 | 0 XOR 0 | 1 XOR NULL | 1 XOR 1 XOR 1 | 0 XOR 0 XOR 0 | +----------+---------+---------+------------+----------------+----------------+ | 0 | 1 | 0 | NULL | 1 | 0 | +----------+---------+---------+------------+----------------+----------------+ */ select last_name,department_id,salary from employees where department_id in (10,20) XOR salary > 8000; /*输出: +------------+---------------+----------+ | last_name | department_id | salary | +------------+---------------+----------+ | King | 90 | 24000.00 | | Kochhar | 90 | 17000.00 | | De Haan | 90 | 17000.00 | | Hunold | 60 | 9000.00 | | Greenberg | 100 | 12000.00 | | Faviet | 100 | 9000.00 | */
举例
#3. 逻辑运算符: OR || AND && NOT ! XOR # or and SELECT last_name,salary,department_id FROM employees #where department_id = 10 or department_id = 20; #where department_id = 10 and department_id = 20; WHERE department_id = 50 AND salary > 6000; /*输出: +-----------+---------+---------------+ | last_name | salary | department_id | +-----------+---------+---------------+ | Weiss | 8000.00 | 50 | | Fripp | 8200.00 | 50 | | Kaufling | 7900.00 | 50 | | Vollman | 6500.00 | 50 | +-----------+---------+---------------+ */ # not SELECT last_name,salary,department_id FROM employees #where salary not between 6000 and 8000; #where commission_pct is not null; WHERE NOT commission_pct <=> NULL; /*部分输出: +------------+----------+---------------+ | last_name | salary | department_id | +------------+----------+---------------+ | Russell | 14000.00 | 80 | | Partners | 13500.00 | 80 | | Errazuriz | 12000.00 | 80 | | Cambrault | 11000.00 | 80 | | Zlotkey | 10500.00 | 80 | */ # XOR :追求的"异" SELECT last_name,salary,department_id FROM employees WHERE department_id = 50 XOR salary > 6000; /*部分输出: +-------------+----------+---------------+ | last_name | salary | department_id | +-------------+----------+---------------+ | King | 24000.00 | 90 | | Kochhar | 17000.00 | 90 | | De Haan | 17000.00 | 90 | | Hunold | 9000.00 | 60 | | Greenberg | 12000.00 | 100 | | Faviet | 9000.00 | 100 | | Chen | 8200.00 | 100 | | Sciarra | 7700.00 | 100 | | Urman | 7800.00 | 100 | | Popp | 6900.00 | 100 | */ #注意:AND的优先级高于OR
4. 位运算符
位运算符是在二进制数上进行计算的运算符。位运算符会先将操作数变成二进制数,然后进行位运算,最后将计算结果从二进制变回十进制数。
MySQL支持的位运算符如下:
4.1 按位与运算符
按位与(&)运算符将给定值对应的二进制数逐位进行逻辑与运算。当给定值对应的二进制位的数值都为1时,则该位返回1,否则返回0。
SELECT 1 & 10, 20 & 30; /*输出 +--------+---------+ | 1 & 10 | 20 & 30 | +--------+---------+ | 0 | 20 | +--------+---------+ 1的二进制数为0001,10的二进制数为1010,所以1 & 10的结果为0000,对应的十进制数为0 20的二进制数为10100,30的二进制数为11110,所以20 & 30的结果为10100,对应的十进制数为20。 */
4.2 按位或运算符
按位或(|)运算符将给定的值对应的二进制数逐位进行逻辑或运算。当给定值对应的二进制位的数值有一个或两个为1时,则该位返回1,否则返回0。
SELECT 1 | 10, 20 | 30; /*输出: +--------+---------+ | 1 | 10 | 20 | 30 | +--------+---------+ | 11 | 30 | +--------+---------+ 1的二进制数为0001,10的二进制数为1010,所以1 | 10的结果为1011,对应的十进制数为11。 20的二进制数为10100,30的二进制数为11110,所以20 | 30的结果为11110,对应的十进制数为30。 */
4.3 按位异或运算符
按位异或(^)运算符将给定的值对应的二进制数逐位进行逻辑异或运算。当给定值对应的二进制位的数值不同时,则该位返回1,否则返回0。
select 1^10,20^30; /*输出: +------+-------+ | 1^10 | 20^30 | +------+-------+ | 11 | 10 | +------+-------+ 1的二进制数为0001,10的二进制数为1010,所以1 ^ 10的结果为1011,对应的十进制数为11。 20的二进制数为10100,30的二进制数为11110,所以20 ^ 30的结果为01010,对应的十进制数为10。 */
SELECT 12 & 5, 12 | 5,12 ^ 5 FROM DUAL; /*输出: +--------+--------+--------+ | 12 & 5 | 12 | 5 | 12 ^ 5 | +--------+--------+--------+ | 4 | 13 | 9 | +--------+--------+--------+ */
4.4 按位取反运算符
按位取反(~)运算符将给定的值的二进制数逐位进行取反操作,即将1变为0,将0变为1。
SELECT 10 & ~1; /*输出: +---------+ | 10 & ~1 | +---------+ | 10 | +---------+ 由于按位取反(~)运算符的优先级高于按位与(&)运算符的优先级,所以10 & ~1, 首先对数字1进行按位取反操作,结果除了最低位为0,其他位都为1,然后与 10进行按位与操作,结果为10。 */
4.5 按位右移运算符
按位右移(>>)运算符将给定的值的二进制数的所有位右移指定的位数。右移指定的位数后,右边低位的数值被移出并丢弃,左边高位空出的位置用0补齐。
select 1>>2, 4>>2; /*输出 +------+------+ | 1>>2 | 4>>2 | +------+------+ | 0 | 1 | +------+------+ 1的二进制数为0000 0001,右移2位为0000 0000,对应的十进制数为0。 4的二进制数为0000 0100,右移2位为0000 0001,对应的十进制数为1。 */
4.6 按位左移运算符
按位左移(<<)运算符将给定的值的二进制数的所有位左移指定的位数。左移指定的位数后,左边高位的数值被移出并丢弃,右边低位空出的位置用0补齐。
SELECT 1 << 2, 4 << 2; /*输出 +--------+--------+ | 1 << 2 | 4 << 2 | +--------+--------+ | 4 | 16 | +--------+--------+ 1的二进制数为0000 0001,左移两位为0000 0100,对应的十进制数为4。 4的二进制数为0000 0100,左移两位为0001 0000,对应的十进制数为16。 */
举例
#4. 位运算符: & | ^ ~ >> << SELECT 12 & 5, 12 | 5,12 ^ 5 FROM DUAL; /*输出: +--------+--------+--------+ | 12 & 5 | 12 | 5 | 12 ^ 5 | +--------+--------+--------+ | 4 | 13 | 9 | +--------+--------+--------+ */ SELECT 10 & ~1 FROM DUAL; /*输出: +---------+ | 10 & ~1 | +---------+ | 10 | +---------+ */ #在一定范围内满足:每向左移动1位,相当于乘以2;每向右移动一位,相当于除以2。 SELECT 4 << 1 , 8 >> 1 FROM DUAL; /*输出: +--------+--------+ | 4 << 1 | 8 >> 1 | +--------+--------+ | 8 | 4 | +--------+--------+ */
5. 运算符的优先级
说明:数字编号越大,优先级越高,优先级高的运算符先进行计算。可以看到,赋值运算符的优先级最低,使用“()”括起来的表达式的优先级最高。
6.拓展:使用正则表达式查询
- 正则表达式通常被用来检索或替换那些符合某个模式的文本内容,根据指定的匹配模式匹配文本中符合要求的特殊字符串。例如,从一个文本文件中提取电话号码,查找一篇文章中重复的单词或者替换用户输入的某些敏感词语等,这些地方都可以使用正则表达式。正则表达式强大而且灵活,可以应用于非常复杂的查询。
- MySQL中使用REGEXP关键字指定正则表达式的字符匹配模式。下表列出了REGEXP操作符中常用字符匹配列表。
6.1 查询以特定字符或字符串开头的记录
字符‘^’匹配以特定字符或者字符串开头的文本。
#在fruits表中,查询f_name字段以字母‘b’开头的记录: SELECT * FROM fruits WHERE f_name REGEXP '^b';
6.2 查询以特定字符或字符串结尾的记录
字符‘$’匹配以特定字符或者字符串结尾的文本。
#在fruits表中,查询f_name字段以字母‘y’结尾的记录: SELECT * FROM fruits WHERE f_name REGEXP 'y$';
6.3 用符号"."来替代字符串中的任意一个字符
字符‘.’匹配任意一个字符。
#在fruits表中,查询f_name字段值包含字母‘a’与‘g’且两个 #字母之间只有一个字母的记录: SELECT * FROM fruits WHERE f_name REGEXP 'a.g';
6.4 使用"*“和”+"来匹配多个字符
星号‘*’匹配前面的字符任意多次,包括0次。加号‘+’匹配前面的字符至少一次。
#在fruits表中,查询f_name字段值以字母‘b’开头且‘b’后面出现字母‘a’的记录: SELECT * FROM fruits WHERE f_name REGEXP '^ba*'; #在fruits表中,查询f_name字段值以字母‘b’开头 #且‘b’后面出现字母‘a’至少一次的记录: SELECT * FROM fruits WHERE f_name REGEXP '^ba+';
6.5 匹配指定字符串
正则表达式可以匹配指定字符串,只要这个字符串在查询文本中即可,如要匹配多个字符串,多个字符串之间使用分隔符‘|’隔开。
#在fruits表中,查询f_name字段值包含字符串“on”的记录: SELECT * FROM fruits WHERE f_name REGEXP 'on'; #在fruits表中,查询f_name字段值包含字符串“on”或者“ap”的记录: SELECT * FROM fruits WHERE f_name REGEXP 'on|ap';
之前介绍过,LIKE运算符也可以匹配指定的字符串,但与REGEXP不同,LIKE匹配的字符串如果在文本中间出现,则找不到它,相应的行也不会返回。REGEXP在文本内进行匹配,如果被匹配的字符串在文本中出现,REGEXP将会找到它,相应的行也会被返回。对比结果如下所示。
#在fruits表中,使用LIKE运算符查询f_name字段值为“on”的记录: SELECT * FROM fruits WHERE f_name like 'on';
6.6 匹配指定字符中的任意一个
方括号“[]”指定一个字符集合,只匹配其中任何一个字符,即为所查找的文本。
#在fruits表中,查找f_name字段中包含字母‘o’或者‘t’的记录 SELECT * FROM fruits WHERE f_name REGEXP ‘[ot]’; #在fruits表中,查询s_id字段中包含4、5或者6的记录 SELECT * FROM fruits WHERE s_id REGEXP ‘[456]’;
6.7 匹配指定字符以外的字符
“[^字符集合]” 匹配不在指定集合中的任何字符。
#在fruits表中,查询f_id字段中包含字母a~e和数字1-2以外字符的记录 SELECT * FROM fruits WHERE f_id REGEXP '[^a-e1-2]';
6.8 使用{n,}或者{n,m}来指定字符串连续出现的次数
“字符串{n,}”表示至少匹配n次前面的字符;“字符串{n,m}”表示匹配前面的字符串不少于n次,不多于m次。例如,a{2,}表示字母a连续出现至少2次,也可以大于2次;a{2,4}表示字母a连续出现最少2次,最多不能超过4次。
#查询f_name字段值出现字母‘x’至少2次的记录 SELECT * FROM fruits WHERE f_name REGEXP 'x{2,}'; #查询f_name字段值出现字符串“ba”最少1次、最多3次的记录 SELECT * FROM fruits WHERE f_name REGEXP 'ba{1,3}';
7 课后练习
# 第04章_运算符课后练习 # 1.选择工资不在5000到12000的员工的姓名和工资 SELECT last_name,salary FROM employees #where salary not between 5000 and 12000; WHERE salary < 5000 OR salary > 12000; /* 部分输出: +-------------+----------+ | last_name | salary | +-------------+----------+ | King | 24000.00 | | Kochhar | 17000.00 | | De Haan | 17000.00 | | Austin | 4800.00 | | Pataballa | 4800.00 | | Lorentz | 4200.00 | | Khoo | 3100.00 | | Baida | 2900.00 | | Tobias | 2800.00 | */ # 2.选择在20或50号部门工作的员工姓名和部门号 SELECT last_name,department_id FROM employees # where department_id in (20,50); WHERE department_id = 20 OR department_id = 50; /*部分输出: +-------------+---------------+ | last_name | department_id | +-------------+---------------+ | Weiss | 50 | | Fripp | 50 | | Kaufling | 50 | | Vollman | 50 | | Mourgos | 50 | | Nayer | 50 | | Mikkilineni | 50 | | Landry | 50 | | Markle | 50 | */ # 3.选择公司中没有管理者的员工姓名及job_id SELECT last_name,job_id,manager_id FROM employees WHERE manager_id IS NULL; #或 SELECT last_name,job_id,manager_id FROM employees WHERE manager_id <=> NULL; /*输出 +-----------+---------+------------+ | last_name | job_id | manager_id | +-----------+---------+------------+ | King | AD_PRES | NULL | +-----------+---------+------------+ */ # 4.选择公司中有奖金的员工姓名,工资和奖金级别 SELECT last_name,salary,commission_pct FROM employees WHERE commission_pct IS NOT NULL; #或 SELECT last_name,salary,commission_pct FROM employees WHERE NOT commission_pct <=> NULL; /*部分输出: +------------+----------+----------------+ | last_name | salary | commission_pct | +------------+----------+----------------+ | Russell | 14000.00 | 0.40 | | Partners | 13500.00 | 0.30 | | Errazuriz | 12000.00 | 0.30 | | Cambrault | 11000.00 | 0.30 | | Zlotkey | 10500.00 | 0.20 | */ # 5.选择员工姓名的第三个字母是a的员工姓名 SELECT last_name FROM employees WHERE last_name LIKE '__a%'; /*输出: +-----------+ | last_name | +-----------+ | Grant | | Grant | | Whalen | +-----------+ */ # 6.选择姓名中有字母a和k的员工姓名 SELECT last_name FROM employees WHERE last_name LIKE '%a%k%' OR last_name LIKE '%k%a%'; #where last_name like '%a%' and last_name LIKE '%k%'; /*部分输出: +------------+ | last_name | +------------+ | Kochhar | | Kaufling | | Markle | | Atkinson | | Philtanker | | Kumar | +------------+ */ # 7.显示出表 employees 表中 first_name 以 'e'结尾的员工信息 SELECT first_name,last_name FROM employees WHERE first_name LIKE '%e'; #或 SELECT first_name,last_name FROM employees WHERE first_name REGEXP 'e$'; # 以e开头的写法:'^e' /*输出: +------------+-------------+ | first_name | last_name | +------------+-------------+ | Bruce | Ernst | | Irene | Mikkilineni | | Mozhe | Atkinson | | Renske | Ladwig | | Nanette | Cambrault | | Janette | King | | Louise | Doran | | Danielle | Greene | | Vance | Jones | +------------+-------------+ */ # 8.显示出表 employees 部门编号在 80-100 之间的姓名、工种 SELECT last_name,job_id FROM employees #方式1:推荐 WHERE department_id BETWEEN 80 AND 100; #方式2:推荐,与方式1相同 #where department_id >= 80 and department_id <= 100; #方式3:仅适用于本题的方式。 #where department_id in (80,90,100); /*部分输出: +------------+------------+ | last_name | job_id | +------------+------------+ | King | AD_PRES | | Kochhar | AD_VP | | De Haan | AD_VP | | Greenberg | FI_MGR | | Faviet | FI_ACCOUNT | | Chen | FI_ACCOUNT | | Sciarra | FI_ACCOUNT | | Urman | FI_ACCOUNT | */ SELECT * FROM departments; # 9.显示出表 employees 的 manager_id 是 100,101,110 的员工姓名、工资、管理者id SELECT last_name,salary,manager_id FROM employees WHERE manager_id IN (100,101,110); /*输出: +-----------+----------+------------+ | last_name | salary | manager_id | +-----------+----------+------------+ | Kochhar | 17000.00 | 100 | | De Haan | 17000.00 | 100 | | Greenberg | 12000.00 | 101 | | Raphaely | 11000.00 | 100 | | Weiss | 8000.00 | 100 */