- 算法主要由头文件
<algorithm>
,<functional>
,<numeric>
组成 - 是所有STL头文件中最大的一个,范围涉及到比较、交换、查找、遍历、复制、删除等
- 体积很小,只包括几个在序列上面进行简单数学运算的模板函数
- 定义了一些模板类,用来声明函数对象
常用遍历算法
for_each遍历
for_each(iterator beg, iterator end, _func);
//遍历容器
beg
//起始迭代器end
//结束迭代器_func()
//函数或函数对象
for_each是实际开发中最常用的遍历算法,需要熟练掌握
#include<iostream> #include<vector> #include<algorithm> using namespace std; //普通函数 void myPrint(int val) { cout << val << " "; } //仿函数 class myPrint2 { public: void operator()(int val) { cout << val << " "; } }; int main() { vector<int>v; for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) { v.push_back(i); } for_each(v.begin(), v.end(), myPrint); cout << endl; for_each(v.begin(), v.end(), myPrint2()); return 0; }
transform搬运
transform(iterator beg1, iterator end1, iterator beg2, _func);
//搬运容器
beg1
//源容器开始迭代器end1
//源容器结束迭代器beg2
//目标容器开始迭代器_func
//函数或函数对象
搬运的目标容器必须提前开辟空间,否则无法正常搬运
#include<iostream> #include<vector> #include<algorithm> using namespace std; class Transform { public: int operator()(int val) { return val; } }; int main() { vector<int>v; for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) { v.push_back(i); } vector<int>v2; v2.resize(v.size()); transform(v.begin(), v.end(), v2.begin(), Transform()); for (vector<int>::iterator it = v2.begin(); it != v2.end(); it++) { cout << *it << " "; } return 0; }
常用查找算法
find
//查找元素find_if
//按条件查找元素adjacent_find
//查找相邻重复元素binary_search
//二分查找法count
//统计元素个数count_if
//按条件统计元素个数
find按值查找
find(iterator beg, iterator end, value);
//按值查找
beg
//开始迭代器end
//结束迭代器value
//查找的元素
返回一个迭代器,如果没有找到,返回end()
查找自定义数据类型需要重载==运算符,否则底层不知道如何对比
#include<iostream> #include<vector> #include<algorithm> using namespace std; //查找内置数据类型 void test01() { vector<int>v; for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) { v.push_back(i); } //返回一个迭代器,如果没有找到,返回end() vector<int>::iterator it = find(v.begin(), v.end(), 5); if (it == v.end()) cout << "没找到" << endl; else cout << "找到了" << *it << endl; } //查找自定义数据类型 class Person { public: Person(string name,int age) { this->m_age = age; this->m_name = name; } //重载==运算符,让find知道如何对比Person类型数据 bool operator==(const Person& p) { if (p.m_age == this->m_age && p.m_name == this->m_name) return true; else return false; } string m_name; int m_age; }; void test02() { //准备数据 Person p1("A", 1); Person p2("B", 2); Person p3("C", 3); Person p4("D", 4); Person p5("E", 5); //放入容器中 vector<Person>p; p.push_back(p1); p.push_back(p2); p.push_back(p3); p.push_back(p4); p.push_back(p5); //查找 Person p6("A", 1); vector<Person>::iterator it = find(p.begin(), p.end(), p6); //输出,验证结果 if (it == p.end()) cout << "没找到" << endl; else cout << "找到了" << it->m_name << it->m_age << endl; } int main() { test01(); test02(); return 0; }
find_if条件查找
find_if(iterator beg, iterator end, _Pred);
beg
//开始迭代器end
//结束迭代器_Pred
//函数或者谓词(返回bool数据类型的仿函数)
#include<iostream> #include<vector> #include<algorithm> using namespace std; //查找内置数据类型 class GreaterFive { public: bool operator()(int v) { return v > 5; } }; void test01() { vector<int>v; for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) { v.push_back(i); } vector<int>::iterator it = find_if(v.begin(), v.end(), GreaterFive()); if (it == v.end()) cout << "没找到" << endl; else cout << "找到了" << *it << endl; } //查找自定义数据类型 class Person { public: Person(string name, int age) { this->m_age = age; this->m_name = name; } string m_name; int m_age; }; class GreaterThree { public: bool operator()(Person& p) { return p.m_age > 3; } }; void test02() { //准备数据 Person p1("A", 1); Person p2("B", 2); Person p3("C", 3); Person p4("D", 4); Person p5("E", 5); //放入容器中 vector<Person>p; p.push_back(p1); p.push_back(p2); p.push_back(p3); p.push_back(p4); p.push_back(p5); //查找 vector<Person>::iterator it = find_if(p.begin(), p.end(), GreaterThree()); //输出,验证结果 if (it == p.end()) cout << "没找到" << endl; else cout << "找到了" << it->m_name << it->m_age << endl; } int main() { test01(); test02(); return 0; }
adjacent_find查找相邻重复元素
如果查到,返回相邻重复元素的第一个位置的迭代器
adjacent_find(iterator beg, iterator end)
beg
//开始迭代器end
//结束迭代器
#include<iostream> #include<vector> #include<algorithm> using namespace std; void test01() { vector<int>v; for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) { v.push_back(i); } v.push_back(5); vector<int>::iterator it=adjacent_find(v.begin(), v.end()); if (it == v.end()) cout << "未找到相邻重复元素" << endl; else cout << "找到了相邻重复元素" << *it << endl; } int main() { test01(); return 0; }
binary_search二分查找
bool binary_search(iterator beg, iterator end, value);
- 查找指定的元素,查到返回true,否则返回false
- 注意:在无序列表中不可用,如果是无序序列,结果未知
beg
//开始迭代器end
//结束迭代器value
//查找的元素
#include<iostream> #include<vector> #include<algorithm> using namespace std; void test01() { vector<int>v; for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) { v.push_back(i); } cout << binary_search(v.begin(), v.end(), 5) << endl; } int main() { test01(); return 0; }
count统计
对于统计自定义数据类型,需要重载==运算符
#include<iostream> #include<vector> #include<algorithm> using namespace std; //统计内置数据类型 void test01() { vector<int>v; v.push_back(10); v.push_back(20); v.push_back(10); cout << count(v.begin(), v.end(), 10) << endl; } //统计自定义数据类型 class Person { public: Person(string name, int age) { this->m_name = name; this->m_age = age; } //需要重载==运算符 //底层要求加const bool operator==(const Person& p) { if (this->m_name == p.m_name) return true; } string m_name; int m_age; }; void test02() { Person p1("A", 1); Person p2("B", 2); Person p3("A", 3); Person p4("A", 4); vector<Person>p; p.push_back(p1); p.push_back(p2); p.push_back(p3); cout << "与p4同名的元素个数" << count(p.begin(), p.end(), p4) << endl; } int main() { test01(); test02(); return 0; }
count_if条件统计
按条件统计元素出现次数
count_if(iterator beg, iterator end, _Pred);
beg
//开始迭代器end
//结束迭代器_Pred
//函数或者谓词(返回bool数据类型的仿函数)
#include<iostream> #include<vector> #include<algorithm> using namespace std; //统计内置数据类型 class GreaterFive { public: bool operator()(int val) { return val > 5; } }; void test01() { vector<int>v; for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) { v.push_back(i); } cout << count_if(v.begin(), v.end(), GreaterFive()) << endl; } //统计自定义数据类型 class Person { public: Person(string name, int age) { this->m_name = name; this->m_age = age; } string m_name; int m_age; }; class AgeGreaterTwo { public: bool operator()(const Person& p) { return p.m_age > 2; } }; void test02() { Person p1("A", 1); Person p2("B", 2); Person p3("A", 3); Person p4("A", 4); vector<Person>p; p.push_back(p1); p.push_back(p2); p.push_back(p3); p.push_back(p4); //统计年龄大于2的人数 cout << count_if(p.begin(), p.end(), AgeGreaterTwo()) << endl; } int main() { test01(); test02(); return 0; }
常用排序算法
sort
//对容器内元素进行排序random_shuffle
//随机洗牌,将指定范围内的元素重新排序merge
//容器元素合并,并储存到另一个容器中reverse
//反转指定范围的元素
sort排序
sort(iterator beg, iterator end, _Pred)
//排序
beg
//开始迭代器end
//结束迭代器_Pred
//函数或者谓词,可填可不填,不填则默认升序排列
#include<iostream> #include<vector> #include<algorithm> using namespace std; void test01() { vector<int>v; for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) { v.push_back(i); } //默认升序 sort(v.begin(), v.end()); for (vector<int>::iterator it = v.begin(); it != v.end(); it++) { cout << *it << " " ; } cout << endl; //使用内建函数对象实现降序排列 sort(v.begin(), v.end(), greater<int>()); for (vector<int>::iterator it = v.begin(); it != v.end(); it++) { cout << *it << " "; } } int main() { test01(); return 0; }
random_shuffle随机洗牌
random_shuffle(iterator beg, iterator end);
//随机洗牌
- 只需要提供开始迭代器和结束迭代器
srand((unsigned int)time(NULL));
可以设置系统时间为随机数种子
#include<iostream> #include<vector> #include<algorithm> using namespace std; void test01() { vector<int>v; for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) { v.push_back(i); } random_shuffle(v.begin(), v.end()); for (vector<int>::iterator it = v.begin(); it != v.end(); it++) { cout << *it << " " ; } cout << endl; } int main() { test01(); return 0; }
merge合并
merge(iterator beg1, iterator end1, iterator beg2, iterator end2, dest);
//将两个容器元素合并,并储存到另一个容器中
- 两个容器必须是有序的
beg1
//容器1开始迭代器end1
//容器1结束迭代器beg2
//容器2开始迭代器end2
//容器2结束迭代器dest
//目标容器开始迭代器
#include<iostream> #include<vector> #include<algorithm> using namespace std; void Print(int val) { cout << val << " "; } void test01() { vector<int>v1; vector<int>v2; for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) { v1.push_back(i); v2.push_back(i + 1); } //目标容器 vector<int>v3; //目标容器需要提前开辟空间 v3.resize(v1.size() + v2.size()); merge(v1.begin(), v1.end(), v2.begin(), v2.end(), v3.begin()); //合并后仍然是有序容器 for_each(v3.begin(), v3.end(), Print); } int main() { test01(); return 0; }
reverse反转
reverse(iterator beg, iterator end);
//反转指定范围内的元素
beg
//起始迭代器end
//结束迭代器
#include<iostream> #include<vector> #include<algorithm> using namespace std; void Print(int val) { cout << val << " "; } void test01() { vector<int>v1; for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) { v1.push_back(i); } for_each(v1.begin(), v1.end(), Print); cout << endl; //反转 reverse(v1.begin(), v1.end()); for_each(v1.begin(), v1.end(), Print); } int main() { test01(); return 0; }
常用拷贝和替换算法
copy
//容器内指定范围的元素拷贝到另一个容器中replace
//将容器内指定范围的旧元素修改为新元素replace_if
//容器内指定范围满足条件的元素替换为新元素swap
//互换两个容器的元素
copy拷贝
copy(iterator beg, iterator end, iterator dest);
//容器内指定范围的元素拷贝到另一个容器中
beg
//开始迭代器end
//结束迭代器dest
//目标容器的开始迭代器
用到的比较少,直接用赋值操作更简单
#include<iostream> #include<vector> #include<algorithm> using namespace std; void Print(int val) { cout << val << " "; } void test01() { vector<int>v1; for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) { v1.push_back(i); } vector<int>v2; //v2要提前开辟空间 v2.resize(v1.size()); copy(v1.begin(), v1.end(), v2.begin()); for_each(v2.begin(), v2.end(), Print); } int main() { test01(); return 0; }
replace替换
replace(iterator beg, iterator end, oldvalue, newvalue);
//将区间内的旧元素替换为新元素
beg
//起始迭代器end
//结束迭代器oldvalue
//旧元素newvalue
//新元素
#include<iostream> #include<vector> #include<algorithm> using namespace std; class Print { public: void operator()(int val) { cout << val << " "; } }; void test01() { vector<int>v1; v1.push_back(1); v1.push_back(2); v1.push_back(1); v1.push_back(3); for_each(v1.begin(), v1.end(), Print()); cout << endl; //替换 replace(v1.begin(), v1.end(), 1, 2); for_each(v1.begin(), v1.end(), Print()); } int main() { test01(); return 0; }
replace_if条件替换
replace_if(iterator beg, iterator end, _Pred, newvalue);
//容器内指定范围满足条件的元素替换为新元素
beg
//开始迭代器end
//结束迭代器_Pred
//谓词newvalue
//替换的新元素
#include<iostream> #include<vector> #include<algorithm> using namespace std; class Print { public: void operator()(int val) { cout << val << " "; } }; class GreaterFive { public: bool operator()(const int& val) { return val > 5; } }; void test01() { vector<int>v; for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) { v.push_back(i); } replace_if(v.begin(), v.end(), GreaterFive(), 0); for_each(v.begin(), v.end(), Print()); } int main() { test01(); return 0; }
swap互换
swap(container c1, container c2);
//互换两个容器的元素
c1
容器1c2
容器2
注意必须是同种容器
#include<iostream> #include<vector> #include<algorithm> using namespace std; class Print { public: void operator()(int val) { cout << val << " "; } }; class GreaterFive { public: bool operator()(const int& val) { return val > 5; } }; void test01() { vector<int>v1; vector<int>v2; for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) { v1.push_back(i); v2.push_back(i + 2); } //交换前 for_each(v1.begin(), v1.end(), Print()); for_each(v2.begin(), v2.end(), Print()); cout << endl; //交换后 swap(v1, v2); for_each(v1.begin(), v1.end(), Print()); for_each(v2.begin(), v2.end(), Print()); } int main() { test01(); return 0; }
常用算术生成算法
算术生成算法属于小型算法,使用时包含的头文件为
accumulate
//计算容器元素累计总和fill
//向容器中添加元素
accumulate累积
accumulate(iterator beg, iterator end, value);
//计算容器元素累计总和
- beg//起始迭代器
- end//结束迭代器
- value//起始值
#include<iostream> #include<vector> #include<numeric> using namespace std; void test01() { vector<int>v1; for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) { v1.push_back(i); } int total = accumulate(v1.begin(), v1.end(), 0); cout << total << endl; } int main() { test01(); return 0; }
fill填充
fill(iterator beg, iterator end, value);
//向容器中添加元素
beg
//起始迭代器end
//结束迭代器value
//填充的值
#include<iostream> #include<vector> #include<numeric> using namespace std; void test01() { vector<int>v1; for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) { v1.push_back(i); } for (vector<int>::iterator it = v1.begin(); it != v1.end(); it++) { cout << *it << " "; } cout << endl; fill(v1.begin(), v1.end(), 0); for (vector<int>::iterator it = v1.begin(); it != v1.end(); it++) { cout << *it << " "; } } int main() { test01(); return 0; }
常用集合容器
set_intersection
//求两个容器的交集set_union
//求两个容器的并集set_difference
//求两个容器的差集
set_intersection求交集
set_intersection(iterator beg1, iterator end1, iterator beg2, iterator end2, iterator dest);
//求两个容器的交集
beg1
//容器1开始迭代器end1
//容器1结束迭代器beg2
//容器2开始迭代器end2
//容器2结束迭代器dest
//目标容器开始迭代器
注意事项:
- 返回值为迭代器,指向交集最后一个元素的下一个位置
- 求交集的两个集合必须为有序数列
- 目标容器开辟空间需要从两个容器中取小值
交集就是两个容器重复的元素
#include<iostream> #include<vector> #include<numeric> #include<algorithm> using namespace std; void myPrint(int val) { cout << val << " "; } void test01() { vector<int>v1; vector<int>v2; for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) { v1.push_back(i); v2.push_back(i + 2); } for_each(v1.begin(), v1.end(), myPrint); cout << endl; for_each(v2.begin(), v2.end(), myPrint); cout << endl; //目标容器需要提前开辟空间,最特殊的情况,大容器包含小容器 vector<int>v3; v3.resize(min(v1.size(), v2.size())); //取交集 vector<int>::iterator itEnd = set_intersection(v1.begin(), v1.end(), v2.begin(), v2.end(), v3.begin()); for_each(v3.begin(), itEnd, myPrint); cout << endl; //如果不用返回的itEnd,会把0也给打印出来 for_each(v3.begin(), v3.end(), myPrint); } int main() { test01(); return 0; }
set_union求并集
set_union(iterator beg1, iterator end1, iterator beg2, iterator end2, iterator dest);
//求两个容器的并集
beg1
//容器1开始迭代器end1
//容器1结束迭代器beg2
//容器2开始迭代器end2
//容器2结束迭代器dest
//目标容器开始迭代器
注意事项:
- 返回值为迭代器,指向并集最后一个元素的下一个位置
- 求并集的两个集合必须为有序数列
- 目标容器开辟空间需要两个容器相加
#include<iostream> #include<vector> #include<numeric> #include<algorithm> using namespace std; void myPrint(int val) { cout << val << " "; } void test01() { vector<int>v1; vector<int>v2; for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) { v1.push_back(i); v2.push_back(i + 2); } for_each(v1.begin(), v1.end(), myPrint); cout << endl; for_each(v2.begin(), v2.end(), myPrint); cout << endl; //目标容器需要提前开辟空间,最特殊的情况,两个容器没有交集 vector<int>v3; v3.resize(v1.size() + v2.size()); //取并集 vector<int>::iterator itEnd = set_union(v1.begin(), v1.end(), v2.begin(), v2.end(), v3.begin()); for_each(v3.begin(), itEnd, myPrint); cout << endl; //如果不用返回的itEnd,会把0也给打印出来 for_each(v3.begin(), v3.end(), myPrint); } int main() { test01(); return 0; }
set_difference求差集
set_difference(iterator beg1, iterator end1, iterator beg2, iterator end2, iterator dest);
//求两个容器的差集
beg1
//容器1开始迭代器end1
//容器1结束迭代器beg2
//容器2开始迭代器end2
//容器2结束迭代器dest
//目标容器开始迭代器
注意事项:
- 返回值为迭代器,指向并集最后一个元素的下一个位置
- 求并集的两个集合必须为有序数列
- 目标容器开辟空间需要从两个容器中取大值
#include<iostream> #include<vector> #include<numeric> #include<algorithm> using namespace std; void myPrint(int val) { cout << val << " "; } void test01() { vector<int>v1; vector<int>v2; for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) { v1.push_back(i); v2.push_back(i + 2); } for_each(v1.begin(), v1.end(), myPrint); cout << endl; for_each(v2.begin(), v2.end(), myPrint); cout << endl; //目标容器需要提前开辟空间,最特殊的情况,大容器和小容器没有交集 //取两个容器中大的size作为目标容器开辟空间 vector<int>v3; v3.resize(max(v1.size(),v2.size())); //取并集 vector<int>::iterator itEnd = set_difference(v1.begin(), v1.end(), v2.begin(), v2.end(), v3.begin()); for_each(v3.begin(), itEnd, myPrint); cout << endl; //如果不用返回的itEnd,会把0也给打印出来 for_each(v3.begin(), v3.end(), myPrint); } int main() { test01(); return 0; }