requests 基于urlib库
pip install requests
用于http测试的网站：http://httpbin.org/
需要导入的模块
import requests from requests.models import Response
简单测试
def foo1(): response = requests.get("http://www.baidu.com") print(type(response)) print(response.status_code) print(type(response.text)) print(len(response.text)) print(response.cookies) """ <class 'requests.models.Response'> 200 <class 'str'> 2381 <RequestsCookieJar[<Cookie BDORZ=27315 for .baidu.com/>]> """
带参数的get
def foo2(): response = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get?name=Tom&age=20") print(response.text) # 用字典构造参数 def foo3(): data ={ "name": "Tom", "age": 20 } response = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get", params=data) print(response.text)
解析json
def foo4(): import json response = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get") print(type(response.text)) print(type(response.json())) print(type(json.loads(response.text))) """ <class 'str'> <class 'dict'> <class 'dict'> """
保存二进制文件
def foo5(): response = requests.get("https://github.com/favicon.ico") print(type(response.text)) print(type(response.content)) print(response.text) """ <class 'str'> <class 'bytes'> """ # 保存 with open("favicon.ico", "wb") as f: f.write(response.content) f.close()
添加请求头headers
def foo6(): response = requests.get("https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/36085437") print(response.status_code) # 500 headers = { "User-Agent": "Mozilla/5.0" } response = requests.get("https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/36085437", headers=headers) print(response.status_code) # 200
post请求
def foo7(): data ={ "name": "Tom", "age": 20 } headers= { "User-Agent": "Mozilla/5.0" } response = requests.post("http://httpbin.org/post", data=data, headers=headers) print(response.text)
response响应
def foo8(): response = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get") print(type(response)) print(type(response.headers)) print(type(response.cookies)) print(type(response.text)) print(type(response.content)) print(type(response.status_code)) print(response.status_code) print(response.url) print(response.history) print(response.reason) print(response.encoding) print(response.apparent_encoding) print(response.request) """ <class 'requests.models.Response'> <class 'requests.structures.CaseInsensitiveDict'> <class 'requests.cookies.RequestsCookieJar'> <class 'str'> <class 'bytes'> <class 'int'> 200 http://httpbin.org/get [] OK None ascii <PreparedRequest [GET]> """
状态码判断
def foo9(): response = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get") print(response.status_code == requests.codes.ok) print(response.status_code == 200) # True # True """ # Informational. 100: ('continue',), 101: ('switching_protocols',), 102: ('processing',), 103: ('checkpoint',), 122: ('uri_too_long', 'request_uri_too_long'), 200: ('ok', 'okay', 'all_ok', 'all_okay', 'all_good', '\\o/', '✓'), 201: ('created',), 202: ('accepted',), 203: ('non_authoritative_info', 'non_authoritative_information'), 204: ('no_content',), 205: ('reset_content', 'reset'), 206: ('partial_content', 'partial'), 207: ('multi_status', 'multiple_status', 'multi_stati', 'multiple_stati'), 208: ('already_reported',), 226: ('im_used',), # Redirection. 300: ('multiple_choices',), 301: ('moved_permanently', 'moved', '\\o-'), 302: ('found',), 303: ('see_other', 'other'), 304: ('not_modified',), 305: ('use_proxy',), 306: ('switch_proxy',), 307: ('temporary_redirect', 'temporary_moved', 'temporary'), 308: ('permanent_redirect', 'resume_incomplete', 'resume',), # These 2 to be removed in 3.0 # Client Error. 400: ('bad_request', 'bad'), 401: ('unauthorized',), 402: ('payment_required', 'payment'), 403: ('forbidden',), 404: ('not_found', '-o-'), 405: ('method_not_allowed', 'not_allowed'), 406: ('not_acceptable',), 407: ('proxy_authentication_required', 'proxy_auth', 'proxy_authentication'), 408: ('request_timeout', 'timeout'), 409: ('conflict',), 410: ('gone',), 411: ('length_required',), 412: ('precondition_failed', 'precondition'), 413: ('request_entity_too_large',), 414: ('request_uri_too_large',), 415: ('unsupported_media_type', 'unsupported_media', 'media_type'), 416: ('requested_range_not_satisfiable', 'requested_range', 'range_not_satisfiable'), 417: ('expectation_failed',), 418: ('im_a_teapot', 'teapot', 'i_am_a_teapot'), 421: ('misdirected_request',), 422: ('unprocessable_entity', 'unprocessable'), 423: ('locked',), 424: ('failed_dependency', 'dependency'), 425: ('unordered_collection', 'unordered'), 426: ('upgrade_required', 'upgrade'), 428: ('precondition_required', 'precondition'), 429: ('too_many_requests', 'too_many'), 431: ('header_fields_too_large', 'fields_too_large'), 444: ('no_response', 'none'), 449: ('retry_with', 'retry'), 450: ('blocked_by_windows_parental_controls', 'parental_controls'), 451: ('unavailable_for_legal_reasons', 'legal_reasons'), 499: ('client_closed_request',), # Server Error. 500: ('internal_server_error', 'server_error', '/o\\', '✗'), 501: ('not_implemented',), 502: ('bad_gateway',), 503: ('service_unavailable', 'unavailable'), 504: ('gateway_timeout',), 505: ('http_version_not_supported', 'http_version'), 506: ('variant_also_negotiates',), 507: ('insufficient_storage',), 509: ('bandwidth_limit_exceeded', 'bandwidth'), 510: ('not_extended',), 511: ('network_authentication_required', 'network_auth', 'network_authentication'), """
文件上传
def foo10(): files = {"file": open("cookie.txt", "rb")} response = requests.post("http://httpbin.org/post", files=files) print(response.status_code) print(response.text)
获取cookies
def foo11(): response = requests.get("http://www.baidu.com") print(response.cookies) for key, value in response.cookies.items(): print("{key} = {value}".format(key=key, value=value)) """ <RequestsCookieJar[<Cookie BDORZ=27315 for .baidu.com/>]> BDORZ = 27315 """ # 用cookie做会话保持，模拟登陆 def foo12(): # 第二次get获取不到cookie，相当于两个浏览器分别请求 response = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/cookies/set/number/123456789") print(response.text) # "number": "123456789" response = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/cookies") print(response.text)
session
session对象可以模拟浏览器请求，保存cookie
# 两次请求相当于一个浏览器请求，维持了会话 def foo13(): session = requests.Session() response = session.get("http://httpbin.org/cookies/set/number/123456789") print(response.text) # "number": "123456789" response = session.get("http://httpbin.org/cookies") print(response.text) # "number": "123456789"
证书验证
def foo14(): response = requests.get("https://www.12306.cn/") # CERTIFICATE_VERIFY_FAILED print(response.status_code) # 取消验证 def foo15(): from requests.packages import urllib3 urllib3.disable_warnings() # 消除 warning response = requests.get("https://www.12306.cn/", verify=False) # InsecureRequestWarning print(response.status_code) # 200 # 指定cert证书 def foo16(): response = requests.get("https://www.12306.cn/", cert=("path")) print(response.status_code) # 200
使用代理
def foo17(): proxies = { "http": "http://127.0.0.1:8000", "https": "https://127.0.0.1:8000" } response = requests.get("https://www.12306.cn/", proxies=proxies) print(response.status_code) # 200 # 使用需要登录的代理 def foo18(): proxies = { "http": "http://user:password@127.0.0.1:8000" } response = requests.get("https://www.12306.cn/", proxies=proxies) print(response.status_code) # 200 # 使用socks代理 # 安装： pip install requests[socks] def foo19(): proxies = { "http": "socks5://127.0.0.1:8000", "https": "socks5://127.0.0.1:8000", } response = requests.get("https://www.12306.cn/", proxies=proxies) print(response.status_code) # 200
超时设置
def foo20(): from requests.exceptions import ConnectTimeout try: response = requests.get("http://www.goole.com/", timeout=0.1) print(response.status_code) except ConnectTimeout as e: print("链接超时") # requests.exceptions.ReadTimeout
登录验证
def foo21(): from requests.auth import HTTPBasicAuth response = requests.get("http://www.goole.com/", auth=HTTPBasicAuth("user", "password")) print(response.status_code) # 也可以 def foo22(): response = requests.get("http://www.goole.com/", auth=("user", "password")) print(response.status_code)
def foo21(): from requests.auth import HTTPBasicAuth response = requests.get("http://www.goole.com/", auth=HTTPBasicAuth("user", "password")) print(response.status_code) # 也可以 def foo22(): response = requests.get("http://www.goole.com/", auth=("user", "password")) print(response.status_code)
异常处理
# 原则：从子类开始捕捉，然后是父类，最后捕捉基类 # 参考：http://cn.python-requests.org/zh_CN/latest/_modules/requests/exceptions.html def foo23(): from requests.exceptions import ConnectTimeout, Timeout, RequestException try: response = requests.get("http://www.google.com/", timeout=0.1) print(response.status_code) except ConnectTimeout: # 子类异常 print("ConnectTimeout") except Timeout: # 父类异常 print("Timeout") except RequestException: # 基类异常 print("RequestException")
